<p>British Landing is a place within Mackinac Island, Michigan and is located on the shore of Mackinac Island, two miles  northwest of the island&#39;s downtown and harbor. British Landing is the site of a War of 1812 amphibious operation on July 16–17, 1812, by a joint force of the British Army and their allies among the Native Americans and indigenous people of Canada. The operation led directly to the surrender of Fort Mackinac by the USA Army.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As the war began, Fort Mackinac, located at the northwestern end of Lake Huron, was a strategic strongpoint that dominated the Upper Great Lakes. Adjacent to the fort, a trading post for furs was a key supply point for Euro-American-Native American commerce and exchange.</p><br>
<p>While poor American military intelligence failed to communicate to Fort Mackinac the news that war had broken out, the British military command in Upper Canada was not idle. They promptly notified the commander of Fort St. Joseph, a British strongpoint located approximately 40 miles (65 km) northeast by canoe. Ft. St. Joseph&#39;s British commander, Charles Roberts, determined to recruit Native allies and assault Mackinac Island.</p><br>
<p>With a single sailing vessel and a flotilla of war canoes, the expeditionary force arrived on the north shore of Mackinac Island on the night of July 16–17, 1812. Full secrecy was maintained and the warriors landed without detection by the American army.</p><br>
<p>The sailing vessel had brought one or more light cannon, which were wrestled ashore at British Landing and hauled up through the interior of the Island to a location above Fort Mackinac. On the morning of July 17, the British and Natives displayed their troops and cannon surrounding the fort, and demanded its surrender. The operation was completely successful. Fort Mackinac fell to the British without a single casualty.</p><br>
<p>Two years later, on August 4, 1814, as the War of 1812 moved towards its conclusion, an American expeditionary force landed here at British Landing in an attempt to recapture Fort Mackinac from the British. Unlike the British landing of 1812, the American landing of 1814 was not a surprise and was not successful. The 1814 amphibious operation was a failure and the American detachment was forced to re-embark on the same day.</p><br>
<h2>Recent years</h2><br>
<p>British Landing is now an important intersection on M-185 (Lake Shore Road), the state highway that serves as a non-motorized road and bicycle pathway around the shore of Mackinac Island. Like the rest of Mackinac Island, M-185 is not open to motor vehicles. During the summer months, British Landing is frequented by visitors who have arrived by bicycle or horse-drawn carriage.</p><br>
<p>British Landing was for many years the home of noted Shakespearean and drama scholar John McCabe.</p><br>
<p>Much of the land in the British Landing area is located in Mackinac Island State Park.</p><br>
<h2>Registered historic site</h2><br>
<p>In 1958, British Landing was added to the list of registered Michigan historic sites as Registered Site SO187. A historic marker was erected.</p><br>
<p>The James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library is a historic museum at 908 Charles Street in Fredericksburg, Virginia. It is located on the site of the James Monroe Law Office, used by future United States President James Monroe from 1786 to 1789. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966. It is now owned by the Commonwealth of Virginia and operated by the University of Mary Washington. The museum features original objects and memorabilia related to James Monroe, and includes items relating to other members of his family, including dresses worn by First Lady Elizabeth Monroe.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Monroe Museum is located in central Fredericksburg, on the west side of Charles Street, between William and George Streets. It is housed in a two-part building that is roughly L-shaped. The older portion is a long 1-1/2 story brick structure, with a gabled roof, built in 1758. To this is attached a larger 1-1/2 story square brick building dating to 1964, when the museum and library were organized. The addition houses Monroe memorabilia, and a small library containing volumes similar to those that might have been in Monroe&#39;s library. The museum also houses a collection of furnishings and other artifacts belonging to the Monroes, although most date to the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The outside includes a memorial garden to James Monroe, which features a bust of him sculpted by Margaret French Cresson, daughter of Daniel Chester French.</p><br>
<p>This building, composed of three separate 19th century structures later joined together, occupies a site said by tradition to be the law office of future United States President James Monroe from 1786 to 1789. Monroe had prior to this time served in the Virginia House of Delegates and in the Congress of the Confederation, from which he resigned in 1786. In 1788, he was a delegate to the Virginia ratifying convention for the United States Constitution. He initially opposed adoption until a Bill of Rights could be added.</p><br>
<p>Monroe&#39;s law office was acquired in 1928 by Laurence Hoes, a Monroe family descendant who established the James Monroe Memorial Foundation (see: www.monroefoundation.org) to manage the property. He accumulated a variety of artifacts related to his illustrious ancestor, restored the property, and opened it as a museum. In 1964, the addition was built, and the Monroe Foundation gave the property to the state. It is now managed by a board consisting of members of the Monroe Foundation and the regents of the University of Mary Washington.</p><br>
<p>Ripshin Farm, also known as the Sherwood Anderson Farm is a historic farm property at the junction of Routes 603 and 732 near Troutdale, Virginia. It was developed as a summer home and later year-round home by writer Sherwood Anderson , and is where he wrote most of his later works. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Ripshin Farm is located in a rural setting in Virginia&#39;s southwestern hills, east of the village of Troutdale. It is set on a rise overlooking the confluence of Ripshin and Lauren Creeks, and is accessed by a long drive on the east side of Route 603 north of its junction with Route 732. The property consists of 76 acre, much of which is wooded, but with views cleared to the west. It includes the main house, two small guest cottages, and a log cabin in which Anderson did his writing. The main house is 1½ stories in height, with a central section of fieldstone flanked by log wings.</p><br>
<p>The property was a small farm when Sherwood Anderson purchased it in 1925. He at first lived in a log cabin on the site, while the house was under construction. It would serve as his home and principal writing location until his death in 1941. Anderson was one of the first writers of his time to create candid depictions of the sometimes gritty aspects of life, and for his frankly self-revealing works. He was acknowledged as a major influence on a generation of writers, including William Faulkner, Stephen Vincent Benét, and Eudora Welty. Anderson&#39;s only bestseller in his career, Dark Laughter, was completed here in 1925.</p><br>
<p>The Fayetteville Street Historic District in Raleigh, North Carolina is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The District includes the 100–400 blocks of Fayetteville Street, the 00–100 blocks of the south side of West Hargett Street, the 00 block of the north side of West Martin Street, and the 100–400 blocks of South Salisbury Street.</p><br>
<p>The District, composed mostly of commercial establishments, is home to eleven buildings listed on the NRHP. They include:</p><br>
<p>Masonic Temple Building, 133 Fayetteville St.</p><br>
<p>Briggs Hardware Building, 220 Fayetteville St.</p><br>
<p>Lumsden-Boone Building, 226 Fayetteville St.</p><br>
<p>Mahler Building, 228 Fayetteville St.</p><br>
<p>Carolina Trust Building, 230 Fayetteville St.</p><br>
<p>Federal Building, 314 Fayetteville St.</p><br>
<p>Sir Walter Raleigh Hotel, 400 Fayetteville St.</p><br>
<p>Raleigh Bank and Trust Company Building, 5 W. Hargett St.</p><br>
<p>Odd Fellows Building, 19 W. Hargett St.</p><br>
<p>McLellan&#39;s Five and Dime Annex, 14 W. Martin St.</p><br>
<p>Capital Club Building, 16 W. Martin St.</p><br>
<p>The Pittsylvania County Courthouse is located at 1 North Main Street in downtown Chatham, Virginia, USA. Built in 1853, this Greek Revival building was Pittsylvania County&#39;s third courthouse. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987, because it was the scene of events leading to Ex parte Virginia, a United States Supreme Court case extending the Equal Protection Clause to state actions such as jury selection.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Pittsylvania County Courthouse is located on the east side of US Business Route 29, at the northeast corner of Bank Street. The original portion of the building, built in 1853, faces west, with a modern addition extending to the east along Bank Street. It is a two-story brick building, with a combination of Classical and Italianate styling, designed by L.M. Shumaker. It has a pedimented Greek Revival portico, supported by four fluted Doric columns, and is topped by a tall cupola housing a bell and clock.</p><br>
<p>Both the county, formed in 1767, and the town of Chatham were named for William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, then the de facto leader of the British government. The present court house replaced a structure built in 1783, one block west of where the old offices of the clerk still stands. The court was removed to this locality from Callands in 1777.</p><br>
<p>In 1878, Judge J.D. Coles, a district judge, was arrested for violating the Civil Rights Act of 1875 by excluding African Americans from the jury selection process for grand juries and trial juries. Coles filed for release from custody, on the grounds that his rights as an individual and as an officer of the state had been violated. In Ex parte Virginia, the United States Supreme Court ruled against Coles, indicating that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provided redress against the operation of state laws and the actions of state officials. It was one of a small number of victories for advocates of civil rights in the period.</p><br>
<p>Saratoga, also known as the General Daniel Morgan House, is a historic plantation house near Boyce, Virginia. It was built in 1779 by Daniel Morgan, a general in the Continental Army best known for his victory over the British at the Battle of Cowpens in 1781. He named his estate after the American victory in the 1777 Battles of Saratoga, in which he also participated. The estate was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973. Privately owned, it is located about.5 miles south of Boyce on the west side of County Route 723, and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Saratoga is an estate of more than 250 acre directly south of the town of Boyce in Virginia&#39;s Shenandoah Valley. The main house is a large -story limestone structure with a gabled roof and end chimneys. The main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance sheltered by a broad gabled portico. Above the entrance is a round-arch window; the other windows are standard sash. A wood-frame addition extends to the left side.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1779 by Daniel Morgan, who had retired that year from the Continental Army due to illness. Morgan was recalled to service as a brigadier general, and led troops in the decisive victory over the British at the 1781 Battle of Cowpens. The house is one of the largest and best-preserved plantation houses of the period in the Shenandoah Valley. After his death, Morgan&#39;s daughter sold the house to the Burwell family, and has been owned for the past century by descendants of the Robert Powel Page family. The house was also occupied at times by John Esten Cooke and his brother Philip Pendleton Cooke, both noted writers.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Saratoga, Main House & Outbuildings, Roseville Run, Boyce vicinity (Clarke County, Virginia).jpgOutbuildings</p><br>
<p>Carter Hall was the Millwood, Virginia, USA estate of Lt. Col. Nathaniel Burwell . It is located in the upper Shenandoah Valley, off Virginia Route 255 northeast of Millwood. The estate includes a grand plantation house, a great lawn, and terraced gardens, and has panoramic views in all directions. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nathaniel Burwell (1750-1814) inherited a 5,800 acre estate from his father Carter Burwell, including Carters Grove, James City County, and about 5000 acres in what was then Frederick County. He developed the land with the Burwell-Morgan Mill and normally spent summers nearby (the Blue Ridge Mountains foothills being cooler and less subject to malaria than the Hampton Roads area). After the American Revolutionary War and his first wifes death, Col. Burwell remarried and with the assistance of former General Daniel Morgan began building the plantation house he called Carter Hall during 1792–1800. Col. Nathaniel Burwell at his peak owned 8000 acres and enslaved more than 200 people in Frederick County; the next largest landowners enslaving 53, 43 and 28 people. Col. Burwell would die at Carter Hall in 1814, but his estate would not settle until his widows death in 1843. Carter Hall would be inherited by one of his sons by his second wife, George Harrison Burwell (1799–1873). Col. Burwell invited his cousin, USA Founding Father Edmund Randolph, who had been Governor of Virginia, United States Attorney General and later Secretary of State under George Washington, to pass his retirement at Carter Hall. Both are buried outside Old Chapel (Millwood, Virginia), built in 1790 on land donated by Col. Burwell, and sometimes referred to as the "Burwell graveyard" because of succeeding generations of this branch of the Burwell family buried there.</p><br>
<p>Col. Burwell&#39;s son Nathaniel Burwell Jr. (1779-1849) helped to form Clarke County from the eastern part Frederick County and at nearly 2400 acres and 52 enslaved people was its largest landowners. He served as one its justices of the peace at various times, as well as its joint delegate in the Virginia General Assembly with neighboring Warren County (which the Castleman family dominated), but lived at Saratoga (Boyce, Virginia), a plantation he bought from Gen. Morgan in 1809 after the retired soldier moved to Winchester to live with his family.</p><br>
<p>Carter Hall has a five-bay central block built of local limestone, originally with a central hall flanked by rooms extending the full depth of the house (single-pile plan). The flanking two-bay wings have pediment gable ends and the outermost, single-story wings are of a single bay, formerly with pediment ends. G.H. Burwell added the large portico, which is "by tradition" ascribed to a design of William Thornton, architect of the United States Capitol.</p><br>
<p>Two navy ships have been named after this plantation. The first USS Carter Hall (LSD-3) was an Ashland-class dock landing ship in service from 1943 to 1947 and was Recommissioned from 1961 until 1969. The second USS Carter Hall (LSD-50) is a Harpers Ferry-class dock landing ship commissioned in 1995 and still in use today.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>It served as headquarters for Stonewall Jackson during part of the American Civil War, and was raided and sacked by Union troops during the war. and established headquarters at Carter Hall during the fall of 1862. Jackson "declined George Burwell&#39;s invitation to stay in the house, camping instead with his men on the grounds. During his stay General Jackson permitted his surgeon, Dr. Hunter McGuire, to perform a cataract operation on George Burwell on the portico."</p><br>
<p>Georges son, C.S.A. private Nathaniel Burwell (1838-1862) fought in the Stonewall Brigade and ultimately died that fall of wounds sustained at the Second Battle of Bull Run. Several more of Col. Nathaniel Burwells great-grandsons enlisted in the Confederate army, including three sons of his grandson (through his son William Nelson Burwell of Glenowen, d. 1822) Nathaniel Burwell (1819-1896), with Robert dying of wounds received at the Battle of Brandy Station, George later becoming a mercenary in Mexico, sons Philip, John and William surviving and becoming physicians, and their youngest brother Thomas (1861-1923) farming and inheriting Carter Hall.</p><br>
<h3>1930 remodel</h3><br>
<p>The house was remodeled in 1930 for its new owner Gerard Lambert "under the direction of the fashionable New York architect, H.T. Lindeberg," and a four-level terraced garden designed by landscape architect Wade Muldoon was added in 1948. The stucco was removed from the exterior to expose the stone. In the house the central hall and east room were combined into a single space and the original wainscoting was replaced with richly-detailed neo-Georgian details based on woodwork at Shirley Plantation, Virginia. The dining room is the only room to retain significant portions of its original fittings.</p><br>
<p>Carter Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h3>Present day</h3><br>
<p>Acquired in 1978 it is currently a conference center owned by Project Hope. The organization on November 27, 2018, placed the center with 87 acre on the market for $12,000,000 (~$ in ).</p><br>
<p>The Edwin H. Hewitt House is a historic house in the Stevens Square neighborhood of Minneapolis. Edwin Hawley Hewitt  was a prominent local architect. He designed this house, at the corner of Franklin Avenue and Stevens Avenue, in 1906. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Hewitt studied at the University of Minnesota, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He returned to Minnesota in 1904, and in 1911, he partnered with architect Edwin Brown. Hewitt&#39;s house is architecturally significant within Minneapolis and testifies to the impact of his career.</p><br>
<h2>Memorial Commission</h2><br>
<p>Since 1919, the Soldiers Memorial Commission had been planning a memorial to all of the communitys soldiers. A suitable location was sought and it was intended to be placed on Victory Memorial Drive. The memorial was budgeted at $100,000 and several fundraising plans were looked at. Mr. E.H. Hewitt of Hewitt & Brown Architects submitted a proposal and sketch for the monument. The Great Depression put a damper on the plans. The money collected was invested and had aided in maintenance of the bronze stars and crosses. The memorial was put on hold, to be looked at after World War II. It is not known what happened to the plans. https://web.archive.org/web/20080828121805/http://www.victoryneighborhood.org/history.php</p><br>
<p>The Rio Grande Ranch Headquarters Historic District  is a historic one-story residence located 3 miles east of Okay in Wagoner County, Oklahoma. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places September 9, 1992. The site&#39;s Period of Significance is 1910 to 1935, and it qualified for listing under NRHP criteria A and C.</p><br>
<p>The historic district consists of 40 acres of ranch land with 15 resources, 13 rated as "Contributing" and 2 as noncontributing.</p><br>
<p>The ranch house was built in the Prairie School architectural style out of sandstone which was mined at a local quarry. The complete site consists of the original residence, a smoke house and the spring house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>An Act of Congress in May, 1908, allowed the sale of Cherokee lands to non-Cherokees. Previously, non-Cherokees were only allowed to lease such land. In August, 1908, Dr. Charles E. Daily bought 50 acres in the newly created Wagoner County, Oklahoma. The land would become the headquarters of the Rio Grande Ranch. Daily continued to buy land, and owned 285 acres by the end of the year. In 1910, Dr. Daily bought enough shorthorn cattle from his father&#39;s ranch in Indiana to establish his own herd. The herd proved successful in its new home. However, the elder Daily died in 1915, and his son felt he needed to sell his Oklahoma ranch and return to Indiana.</p><br>
<p>Frank A. Gillespie, a Tulsa oilman, bought the ranch in November, 1915. Born in Oil City, Pennsylvania, he had come to Tulsa in 1904, where he was said to be highly successful. His hobby was raising purebred shorthorn cattle. He already owned several other large ranches in the state. Gillespie immediately began the Rio Grande&#39;s land holdings and its herd. In 1916, he built a 16,000 ft&sup2; concrete barn as a place to show his cattle. In 1917 he bought an unspecified amount of Grand River bottom land to add to the ranch. Gillespie sold the ranch to Clinton R. Strong on February 11, 1918.</p><br>
<p>Although Strong continued to raise shorthorns, he apparently did nothing else to improve the ranch. One year after buying it, he traded it for ownership of some railroad stock. By 1920, the ranch was owned by James W. Maney, an Oklahoma City railroad contractor. Money&#39;s son, Robert, actually moved into the Rock House in 1920-1921 and managed the ranch with the help of three ranch hands. James actually started a couple of sidelines for the property: a producing oil well and a gravel production business on the Grand River. But it was still cattle raising that brought in the big profits. In 1920, the ranch held a sale of registered shorthorns in Tulsa and grossed an average of $395 per head, which was considered a good price at the time.</p><br>
<p>James Maney sold the ranch to Yeoman Life Insurance Company in 1935, ending the ranch&#39;s significance as a source of purebred shorthorn cattle.</p><br>
<h2>Description of buildings</h2><br>
<h3>"Rock Manor" Ranch house</h3><br>
<p>The 3,500 ft&sup2, one-story main residence was one of the first structures built in 1909 - 1910. Its walls were covered with Atoka sandstone, which was quarried on the ranch. Hence, the house was always known as "Rock Manor" or "Rock House." The architecture is Prairie Style, and has the darker stone laid at the bottom of the elevation, becoming lighter as the exterior walls reach the roofline. The hipped roof is low-pitched and covered with asphalt shingles, interrupted by two front-facing dormers. Each dormer has white clapboard walls and two windows, with three small glass panes over one larger pane. The wide eave overhang is enclosed with a wooden fascia and a tongue-in-groove wooden soffit. There are three brick chimneys penetrating through the roof. One chimney is on the center ridge and connects to the living room fireplace. The other two are on the roof slopes, serving four wood stoves (kitchen, dining room and two bedrooms).</p><br>
<p>A porch spans the front facade (south elevation) and wraps around about one-third of the elevation. It is raised with a concrete floor and steps. The steps are flanked by short sandstone wing walls that are capped with concrete and decorated with concrete horse heads. Slightly tapered sandstone columns with concrete capitals support the porch roof, whose ceiling is made of tongue-in-groove wood painted white. Four-inch diameter metal pipes connecting the columns, serve as the porch rail.</p><br>
<p>The double-hung windows are made of wood and are of different sizes. The NRHP application said that they were probably made on-site to fit specific window openings, which were not all of uniform size. The main entrance door is oversized and has a single pane of glass, with an overhead transom. Other exterior doors are wooden, paneled type, single doors with a transom. The transoms were adjustable to facilitate natural cooling during the summer.</p><br>
<p>Inside the house, the most notable feature is a large rock fireplace in the living room, faced with quarried sandstone and having a simple wooden mantle. The concrete floor in the living room probably prevented serious damage to the house whenever sparks may have flown out of the fireplace. All other rooms in the house have wood floors. Ceilings in all the rooms are 12 feet high, and most rooms are decorated with picture molding. All interior doors have transoms (again to promote air circulation), and have solid brass hardware. There are two wooden built-in cabinets: a gun cabinet in the sitting room and a china cabinet in the dining room. Ceilings and interior walls are covered with plaster over wood lath. The inside of exterior walls was covered directly with plaster.</p><br>
<h3>Secondary buildings</h3><br>
<p>Three secondary buildings share the 1.1 acre yard of the Rock House: the spring house and the root cellar are southwest of the main house, and the smokehouse is northeast. A rock wall encloses the yard. The three secondary buildings each have Atoka sandstone walls, 2 feet thick, and sloped concrete roofs, 4 in thick.</p><br>
<p>The smoke house is 13 feet by 17 feet and was built to store fresh meat, as well as to smoke meat and fish.</p><br>
<p>The root cellar 14 feet by 24 feet was intended to store fruits and vegetables in a cool environment during the hot summer. It was also used as the storm cellar, when tornados were in the area.</p><br>
<p>The spring cellar 14 feet by 26 feet provided drinking water from a cold spring, as well as providing a place to store perishables like eggs and milk.</p><br>
<h2>Other resources</h2><br>
<h3>Cistern-Well/Windmill</h3><br>
<p>The original cistern-well was hand dug, rock-lined and provided all the water needed for household use, except for drinking water. Runoff from rain flowed into the cistern, supplemented by well water, which the windmill pumped into an overhead tank. The windmill also enough power to provide sufficient water pressure for the kitchen and baths. The overhead tank no longer exists, but the cistern-well now irrigation supplies water for the yard and the surrounding land.</p><br>
<h3>Septic system</h3><br>
<p>A septic system was installed when the Rock House was originally built. it was still operating satisfactorily when the NRHP application was written.</p><br>
<h3>Concrete barn</h3><br>
<p>The concrete barn is a 14,000 ft&sup2; rectangular structure with twin concrete silos at the north end. Stalls were originally made of metal pipe. The original overhead feeding system is intact. The roof is front-gabled and covered with brown, composition shingles. A hayloft is centered on the roof ridge and has a hipped roof with a cupola and open eaves. The barn has 26 double-hung, 6/6 windows. The original wood frame windows have been replaced with aluminum sashes, which have been painted to simulate the original appearance. Drive-in doors are on the north, east and west sides of the barn, while cattle doors are on the south side. There are shed roofs along the outside east and west walls, supported by square wooden posts. The sheds were to provide shade and shelter from the weather.</p><br>
<p>The Moore Square Historic District is a registered historic district located in downtown Raleigh, North Carolina. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, the district is centered on Moore Square, one of two surviving four-acre  parks from Raleighs original 1792 plan. The park is named after Alfred Moore, a North Carolina judge who became an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court. Originally a residential neighborhood, Moore Square developed into a primary commercial hub in the city throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The district includes East Hargett Street, once known as Raleighs "Black Main Street", because it once contained the largest number of businesses owned by African-Americans in the city. City Market, Marbles Kids Museum/IMAX theatre, Pope House Museum, Artspace, and the Long View Center are located in the Moore Square district. Events that take place in Moore Square include the Raleigh Arts Festival, Artsplosure, Movies in the Park, the Street Painting Festival, and the Moore Square Farmer&#39;s Market The approximate district boundaries include Person, Morgan, Wilmington, and Davie Streets.</p><br>
<p>In addition to its national listing, Moore Square is one of six local historic overlay districts (HOD) in Raleigh.</p><br>
<p>The Moore Square Historic District also includes Moore Square Park, which holds the restaurant Square Burger, and includes Moore Square Magnet Middle School, which is part of the Wake County Public School System.</p><br>
<p>The West Raleigh Historic District in Raleigh, North Carolina is a national historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. Located 1.5 miles  west-northwest of the State Capitol, the district encompasses approximately 332 acre. Neighborhoods in the district include: Bedford Heights, Bagwell, Blue Moon Ridge, College Crest , Fairmont, Forest Hills, Harris-Chamberlain, and Wilmont. Most homes in these neighborhoods are one-story and were constructed between the 1930s to 1950s. While the district is mostly residential, churches and commercial buildings are common along Hillsborough Street.</p><br>
<p>Enterprise Street, Chamberlain Street, and Rosemont Avenue form the eastern boundaries of the district. Mayview Road, Rosedale Avenue, Ruffin Street, and Furches Street form the northern boundary while Faircloth Street is the district&#39;s western boundary. Hillsborough Street forms the southern boundary, except from Dixie Trail to Henderson Street where the boundary moves southward to include the Stanhope neighborhood. Most of the district residents include faculty and students from North Carolina State University.</p><br>
<p>The Raleigh and Gaston / Seaboard Coast Line Building is an historic building in Raleigh, North Carolina, that was once home to the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad and subsequently the Raleigh office of the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad. The three-story brick building is one of Raleigh&#39;s earliest surviving office buildings and served as a railroad office for more than 100 years.</p><br>
<p>The first train to arrive in Raleigh came in 1840, five years after the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad was chartered. The railroad was sold under foreclosure and taken over by the State of North Carolina in 1845. Private stockholders were later able to acquire a controlling interest from the state, in 1867. The building was commissioned while the railroad was under state control and construction of two stories was started in 1861. A third and final story had been added by 1891. The Raleigh and Gaston Railroad and several associated railroads formed the Seaboard Air Line Railroad in 1893, and later merged with the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad in 1967.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 1971, at its original location of 325 Halifax Street. At that time, the building was still in use for its original purpose as a railroad company office. The state of North Carolina purchased the land in 1977 and moved the building to its present location at 413 North Salisbury Street, re-designating it as a Raleigh Historic Landmark in 1990. Since 2015 the building has served as the headquarters of the North Carolina Department of Military and Veterans Affairs.</p><br>
<p>The Peekskill Downtown Historic District is a historic district located in the downtown section of Peekskill in the USA state of New York. It includes the 40 acre along Main, Division, South, Park, Bank, Brown, First and Esther streets, and Central and Union avenues, near where those streets intersect. There are 150 buildings and one object counted among its contributing resources.</p><br>
<p>Peekskill, originally a settlement along the shore of the Hudson River where farmers from inland Westchester County brought produce for transshipment to markets in New York City and elsewhere, began to grow inland in the early 19th century due to the intersection of two major roads that roughly corresponds to today&#39;s Central and Division streets. The Albany Post Road, followed later by US 9 until its relocation to the Croton Expressway closer to the river, and the Danbury Turnpike, still followed by US 202 (and, in the western part of the city and district, US 6 and NY 35). Two houses in the district, in a typical Hudson Valley vernacular style, remain from this era.</p><br>
<p>Industrialization began changing downtown after 1830, with brick buildings supporting that use replacing older wooden ones along Magregeres Creek. Many of the districts churches were built by the mid-19th century. Fashionable houses, later known as "Doctor&#39;s Row", were built on Main Street. In the 1880s the Moorish Revival tower was built on a structure in the center of town that has remained a landmark for passing travelers ever since. Other late Victorian styles made their mark as well.</p><br>
<p>In the 20th century, some more buildings were added in more modern contemporary styles, and the increasing use of the automobile affected downtown as well. The decline of retail shopping in the district led to urban renewal efforts in the 1960s and 70s. While some historic buildings were razed, the major urban renewal projects coincided with the eastern boundary of the downtown core, sparing most of it. The district was recognized and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 as a rare example of intact 19th-century Hudson Valley downtown architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Bainbridge Commercial Historic District is a historic district comprising the downtown business area of Bainbridge, Georgia. It includes Bainbridge&#39;s original courthouse square, now Willis Park, and 56 contributing buildings in a 10 acre area roughly bounded by Water, Clark, Troupe, West, Broughton, & Crawford streets. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the district had 56 contributing buildings and one contributing site (Willis Park), plus 24 non-contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The City Hall and Firehouse, built in, is an historic city hall and fire station building located on the corner of Crawford and Water streets in Bainbridge, Georgia. It was designed by Atlanta-based architect William Augustus Edwards who designed nine South Carolina courthouses as well as academic buildings at twelve institutions in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. It is a contributing property in the Bainbridge Commercial Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 6 November 1987.</p><br>
<p>In, the Bainbridge-Decatur County Arts Council bought the building from the City of Bainbridge. It is now the Firehouse Arts Center.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin and Amelia Walton House is a Prairie School style bungalow built in 1916 in Centerville, Utah, United States. The home remains in almost original condition, including original kitchen cabinets, push button light switches, original woodwork, casement windows and hardware. The home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997</p><br>
<p>and is currently in use as a private residence.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Walton was born November 6, 1881, and died April 24, 1955. He served a mission for the LDS Church in England and worked his entire life for Porter-Walton Walton nursery, eventually retiring as vice president.</p><br>
<p>Amelia (Porter) Walton was born January 25, 1883, and died March 8, 1973. She worked as a teacher, was active in civic affairs, the Daughters of Utah Pioneers, and in the LDS Church.</p><br>
<p>Lonsdale  is a village and historic district in Lincoln and Cumberland, Providence County, Rhode Island, United States, near Rhode Island Route 146 and Route 95. The village was originally part of the town of Smithfield until Lincoln was created in the 1870s, and was originally centered on the Lincoln side of the Blackstone River. William Blaxton settled in the area in 1635. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Lonsdale was home to several manufacturers including the Lonsdale Company&#39;s Bleachery, and the Ann & Hope mill was also located in the village in Cumberland.</p><br>
<p>The historic district encompasses a variety of mill-related resources in the central part of Lonsdale. Mill worker housing along Front, John, Lonsdale, and Main Streets is included on the Lincoln side of the Blackstone, while the Ann & Hope factory complex in Cumberland is included, as are mill housing areas on Blackstone Court and on Main, Cross, and Blackstone Streets.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, it&#39;s textile mills were temporarily shutdown by the New England Textile Strike over an attempted wage cut and hours increase. During which on July 10, ten families in Lonsdale were evicted from their homes owned by the mill they had worked for.</p><br>
<p>Lonsdale, R.I – July 15, 1922 </p><br>
<p>The Riverside Hangar is a historic hangar complex at the St. Paul Downtown Airport in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It comprises two parallel hangars with a connecting structure and some additions. Built on the bank of the Mississippi River in 1942, it was part of a bomber modification center that operated at the airport during World War II. The two hangar buildings were constructed with glued laminated timber arches, an innovation born of wartime steel shortages. Their important design features were their low cost and that they were erectable quickly by unskilled workers. Riverside Hangar was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its state-level significance in the theme of engineering. It was nominated for being one of Minnesota&#39;s leading examples of glued laminated timber construction.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The two parallel hangars are both 600 ft long, 168 ft wide, and 50 ft high. They are 74 ft apart, with a wooden structure between them.</p><br>
<p>The Jackson County Courthouse is located along Main Street  in the center of Newport, Arkansas, the county seat of Jackson County. It is a Late Victorian brick building, with a protruding three-story square tower. It was built in 1892, and is one of the state&#39;s oldest courthouses. It was apparently based in part on the Ouachita County courthouse , but its architect is not known.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Jackson County Courthouse is a two-story brick building designed by architect W.W. Thomas and built in 1879 in Jefferson, Georgia. Its Classical Revival clock tower was added in 1906. It was one of the first post-Civil War county courthouses built in Georgia. It is unusual for surviving little-altered since construction. In 2004, a new courthouse was built in Jefferson.</p><br>
<p>It was renovated in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Its courtroom has a "Cathedral quilt" pressed metal coved ceiling and egg and dart cornices.</p><br>
<p>Its architect, William Winstead Thomas (1848-1904), was president of an insurance company but also designed buildings, including the White Hall estate house outside Atlanta and at least two other courthouses.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Jackson County Courthouse is an Art Deco building in Medford, Oregon, United States. It was built in 1932, six years after county residents voted to move the county seat from Jacksonville to Medford.</p><br>
<p>The former Jackson County Courthouse, built in Jacksonville in 1883, once served as the Southern Oregon Historical Society Museum. It is a contributing property of the Jacksonville Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Lee Plaza  is a vacant 16-story high-rise apartment building located at 2240 West Grand Boulevard, about one mile west of New Center along West Grand Boulevard, an area in Detroit, Michigan. It is a registered historic site by the state of Michigan and was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places on November 5, 1981. Designed by Charles Noble and constructed in 1929, it rises to 16 floors and is an excellent example of Art Deco architecture of the 1920s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lee Plaza Hotel was built in 1928 for Ralph T. Lee, a Detroit developer. Noted residential architect Charles Noble designed the building. It was constructed to be an upscale apartment with hotel services. Decorated with sculpture and tile outside, the structure rivaled the Book-Cadillac and Statler Hotels for architectural notice in Detroit during the 1920s. The building opened in 1929, but Lee quickly sold it to the Detroit Investment Co. Like many companies, the Detroit Investment Co. had financial issues at the beginning of the Great Depression, and the Lee Plaza went through a series of owners, some of whom Ralph T. Lee had an interest in. By 1935 both Ralph Lee and the Lee Plaza were bankrupt.</p><br>
<p>The ownership of the building was tied up in court until 1943. However, in that time luxury apartment living had fallen out of favor, residents left, and the hotel started renting rooms to transient guests. In 1968, the city of Detroit turned the building into a senior citizens&#39; complex. However, in the 1980s, the Lee began losing residents, and the building was finally closed in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Since that time, the Lee Plaza has been stripped of many of its architectural elements. The city has looked for a redeveloper, and in 2015, developer Craig Sasser, announced a $200 million redevelopment of Lee Plaza and the surrounding area. However, in October 2016, Harold Ince, interim executive director of the Detroit Housing Commission announced that the planned redevelopment appears dead after Sasser failed to purchase the property. In December 2017, the city issued an RFP (requests for proposal) for the 17-story Lee Plaza Tower on West Grand Boulevard at Lawton Street. The city received three proposals to redevelop the historic tower in March 2018 but ultimately decided in July that none were viable reuses of the 1929 building. New proposals for the building, which has undergone a $400,000, two-phase stabilization project, are now being accepted on a rolling basis.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In February 2019, the city of Detroit announced plans to sell Lee Plaza to a joint venture of the Roxbury Group and Ethos Development Partners for $350,000, that will redevelop the building into 180 residential units and retail. Construction on the first phase of the $60 million project is expected to start in 2022. This first phase would rehab nine floors into 117 apartments for income-eligible seniors.</p><br>
<p>On January 20, 2022, a more formal detailed explanation of the restoration of the building was announced. It will be a multi-year, multi-phase development. Phase 1, at $59 million, will restore the first floor main lobby, and create 117 affordable senior apartments on floors 2 through 10, with completion scheduled for 2024. Phase 2, at $20 million, would create 60 to 70 market-rate apartments on floors 11 through 16 with an anticipated 2025 completion date.</p><br>
<p>As of September 28, 2023, they have put up a new fence, sealed up entrances and have started replacing windows on the outside.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Lee Plaza Hotel is a 15-story, "I" plan, steel and reinforced concrete structure, faced with orange glazed brick, with a steeply pitched roof originally covered in red tile (later replaced with copper, which has been since stripped). The first story of the building forms a terra cotta clad base with molded Palladian windows, from which prominent brick piers rise to the roof, forming strong vertical lines. Decorative details are inset in the form of terra cotta belt courses, spandrel plaques, corbelled friezes and window surrounds.</p><br>
<p>The interior contains 220 one to four room apartments. The first floor has a main lobby with a coffered ceiling, east and west lounges, two wood-paneled dining rooms, and a ballroom. The main hallway was dubbed "Peacock Alley," a barrel-vaulted space with coffered ceiling covered in a rich color scheme of blues, golds and greens. The basement originally contained a beauty parlor, a game room, a children&#39;s playroom, and a meat market and grocer.</p><br>
<p>The Jackson County Courthouse, also known as Old Jackson County Courthouse or Bellevue Elementary School, is a historic building and former courthouse for Jackson County, Iowa, United States. It is located in Bellevue and was built in the vernacular Greek Revival style in 1845. It currently serves as a portion of Bellevue Elementary School, the oldest functioning school in the state of Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When the Wisconsin Territory created Jackson, Jones, and Linn counties in 1837, Bellevue was named as the seat of justice for all three. Stock thief and counterfeiter W.W. Brown doctored a legitimate petition to have himself named as the organizing sheriff of Jackson County. The position went to Captain W.A. Warren instead.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1845, this building is one of the oldest structures in Iowa used as a courthouse after Lee (1841) and Van Buren (1843) counties. It is also one of seven extant courthouse buildings in the Greek Revival style in the state. This building was a victim of the county seat rivalry that moved the Jackson County seat between Bellevue (1838–48), Andrew (1848-51), Bellevue again (1851–61), Andrew once more (1861-73), finally ending up in Maquoketa in 1873.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was converted fully to use as a school in 1861, The original building has since been surrounded by additions. The south wing was added in 1870 and the north wing was added in 1872. A gymnasium and cafeteria were completed in the 1950s, and two 2-story classroom wings in the 1960s and 1970s. Previously, the courthouse was in a park-like, town square setting, but has since been paved with asphalt with trees removed. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 2, 1981.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Old Jackson County Courthouse is a two-story, brick, vernacular Greek Revival structure. It takes the form of a traditional Greek temple without a portico. Unadorned, 2-story wings flank the main façade to the north and south. The building is capped with a hip roof with one gable. On the roof above the arched main entrance once stood a large cupola featuring a cloister vault shaped roof and large bell. The cupola was removed sometime during the mid 20th century due to deterioration and leaks in the roof. Other decorative elements of the building include a classical pediment with a returned cornice and half-moon window as well as simple brick projecting pilasters on all three sides of the main façade. Native limestone gathered from local quarries make up the exposed rough cut foundation, window sills, lintels, and front steps. Although the interior was altered drastically numerous times throughout the past 175 years to accommodate changing education practices and modern amenities, it still retains tin ceilings (mostly covered by dropped ceilings), much of its original woodwork (although heavily painted and damaged), and its grand stairway with large wooden newel posts. Other antique features include original schoolhouse style glass light fixtures from the early 1900s, cast iron radiators, and some original window panes.</p><br>
<h2>Future</h2><br>
<p>Discussion began in 2017 to determine the future of the building. Following two failed bond referendums, taking place in 2018 and 2019 respectively, a third referendum was passed with 66% approval of school district voters. This $13.1 million bond measure will fund the construction of a 36,000 sq. ft. 2-story building at the current secondary school campus to house grades 3-5 and is to be completed in the summer of 2025. With reduced student attendance at the current elementary facility, the original 1845 structure will be largely vacated. Long term district plans envision a future addition to the new elementary building to ultimately house all PK-5 students. The current facility will likely be utilized into the 2030s before this plan is fully realized.</p><br>
<p>Jackson County Courthouse is an historic courthouse located at Sylva, serving Jackson County, North Carolina. It was designed by Smith & Carrier and built in 1913, when Sylva took over the county seat designation from Webster.</p><br>
<h2>The building</h2><br>
<p>The Jackson County Courthouse is situated on a hill at the end of main street, and there are 107 steps leading up to its front portico from the fountain and plaza at street level. It is a two-story, Classical Revival style brick buildings with a three-stage cupola. It was built after Charles Joseph Harris pushed the county to vote for the removal of the county seat from Webster (where it had been since 1851) to Sylva, and the measure passed and the seat was relocated. Harris then as part of the agreement built a courthouse with the sum of money not exceeding $30,000. The building was patterned after the Madison County Courthouse in Marshall, North Carolina. The 1913 Courthouse served as the county&#39;s courthouse from 1914 until the present Justice Center was built in 1994 on Grindstaff Cove Road east of town near US 74. It had been previously renovated in 1950 when the mezzanine third floor was painted white and four windows were added to the front and back of the third floor. It was renovated again in 1969, when the red bricks were painted white, a clock added to the dome, the pine trees along the steps that hid the building from the street and lined the steps were also removed.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the Courthouse site was selected for the location of the new Jackson County Public Library. The old Jail from 1963 was demolished at this time, and the original jail from 1913 was demolished in 2009, when the new library started being constructed.</p><br>
<p>The Jackson County Courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>The jails</h2><br>
<p>The original jail was small, about the size of a house. It served as the main county jail until a big red brick structure was built between it and the courthouse in 1963. They were both two floors tall and connected by a one floor tall office wing on the 1963 building. The jails were abandoned in favor of a new facility around 2000. Both jails were recently demolished in preparation for the construction of the new Library on their sites.</p><br>
<h2>New Jackson County Public Library</h2><br>
<p>Construction started in 2009 on a 20,000 sq. ft. two-story addition to house the library, which is being built onto the back of the historic courthouse, and will incorporate elements of the old building into it, and will connect with the back of the courthouse via large glass roofed atrium. The new building will replace a small, sad, one story structure with a meager floorspace of 6,000SQ FT that was built in 1970 on Main Street. The Courthouse is also being restored to house the Jackson County Genealogical Society, Arts Council, and Historical Society. It will have an Auditorium in the former courtroom and it will also become the showplace of the county, and has had new windows and doors installed as part of the restoration. The iconic dome and clocktower of the building was removed for the third time since its construction for renovation work (it was removed in 2010 and replaced in 2011, and it was previously removed in 1969 and 1994), and the entire complex was scheduled to open in May 2011, with a grand opening in June. The construction is mostly complete, but finishing work needs to be done on both the interior and exterior as of February 5, 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Jackson County Courthouse, located at Main Street and Broadway in Altus, is the county courthouse serving Jackson County, Oklahoma. Construction began on the courthouse in 1910, two years after Altus became the permanent county seat of Jackson County, and was completed in 1911. Architecture firm C.E. Hair and Company designed the building in the Classical Revival style; it was the first county courthouse the firm planned in Oklahoma. The three-story courthouse is built from limestone with a granite foundation. A two-story portico supported by four columns surrounds the main entrance. While a metal dome originally topped the building, it was removed in 1938 due to irreparable corrosion.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse is part of a public square that also contains the county jail and several other structures. The jail was constructed in 1924–25 to replace a jail in the courthouse basement. Due to a series of additions and renovations in the 1960s, it no longer retains its historic appearance. The courthouse grounds also include a United Daughters of the Confederacy memorial, a well, and a statue of a cowboy.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. In 2008, its listing boundaries expanded to include the courthouse square; however, only the Confederate memorial is considered a contributing structure to the listing.</p><br>
<p>The Jackson County Courthouse is a former county courthouse in Jacksonville, Oregon, United States, built in 1883. The courthouse is a contributing property of the Jacksonville Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It was formerly the Jacksonville Museum owned by Jackson County and operated by the Southern Oregon Historical Society , which also managed several other historic properties in Jacksonville. The museum in the courthouse closed in 2006 because of lack of funding. Ownership of the historic courthouse was transferred to the City of Jacksonville in 2012. The SOHS still operates Hanley Farm in Central Point and a research library in Medford.</p><br>
<p>The current Jackson County Courthouse, also listed on the NRHP, is in Medford, where the county seat was moved in 1926.</p><br>
<p>The Hartford Club is a private club at 46 Prospect Street in Hartford, Connecticut, founded in 1873.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hartford Club began as a union of local men&#39;s clubs amalgamated due to financial woes. It began admitting women members in the 1970s. Its present clubhouse, located at 46 Prospect Street, was designed in 1901 by Robert D. Andrews of Andrews, Jaques & Rantoul and was completed in 1903. It opened on January 1, 1908.</p><br>
<p>The club provides dining rooms, private banquet and meeting rooms, concierge services for members, and members&#39; activities.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The clubhouse is located in downtown Hartford, on the east side of Prospect Street, across from the Travelers Tower and one block south of the Old State House. It is a three-story Georgian Revival building, slightly larger in size than domestic mansions of the period that were built in a similar style. It has a broad five-bay facade, with slightly projecting end bays. The ground-floor end windows are three-part Palladian style windows with narrow sidelights, and the center entrance has a series of elaborate projecting elements supported by Corinthian columns. Second-floor windows are set in openings with half-round tops set in recessed panels; the outer windows have the arched section filled with moulded decorative panels.</p><br>
<p>The clubhouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>Oliver Butterworth</p><br>
<p>Edmund Ernest Cammack</p><br>
<p>Louis R. Cheney</p><br>
<p>Wilbur L. Cross</p><br>
<p>Dominick Dunne</p><br>
<p>Richard Hartford</p><br>
<p>Katharine Hepburn</p><br>
<p>George Keller</p><br>
<p>Senator Joseph Lieberman</p><br>
<p>John Pierpont Morgan</p><br>
<p>Igor Sikorsky</p><br>
<p>Wallace Stevens</p><br>
<p>Mark Twain</p><br>
<p>The Gen. William Mitchell House, also known as Boxwood or the Gen. Billy Mitchell House was the country estate and home of General Billy Mitchell  during the last ten years of his life, from 1926 through 1936. Mitchell was an American general who is regarded as the father of the USA Air Force. He is regarded as one of the most famous and most controversial figures in American airpower history. It is located about.5 mile south of Middleburg on Virginia Route 626, straddling the county lines of Fauquier and Loudoun Counties. Part of the estate is now home to Boxwood Estate Winery.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Boxwood is 120 acre located south of the Loudoun County town of Middleburg, extending along the northwest side of VA 626 roughly from the city line to the highway&#39;s junction with Virginia Route 705. The centerpiece of the estate is a cluster of buildings that are set well back from the road. The main building is the farmhouse, which has at its core an 1826 farmstead. Now L-shaped in plan, it is stories in height, with stone walls and wooden trim. The original farmhouse portion has a bellcast roof that curves down to shelter a porch.</p><br>
<p>The original farmhouse was built in 1826 by William Swart, and passed through several hands before its purchase in 1925 by Elizabeth Mitchell, the wife of General Billy Mitchell. The Mitchells added an ell to the southwest in 1925 and also built an outbuilding that served them as a library. It was their home until Mitchell died in 1936, and has not received major alterations since then. Mitchell, a horse enthusiast, kept horses and wrote extensively during his years there, expounding on his theories regarding the military use of air power.</p><br>
<p>Old City Hall, located at Chestnut and 5th Streets in the Independence Hall complex of Independence National Historical Park in Center City Philadelphia, was built in 1790–91 in the Federal style. The architect was David Evans, Jr.</p><br>
<p>Originally intended as Philadelphia&#39;s City Hall, it housed the USA Supreme Court from the completion of its construction in 1791 until 1800, when the national capital was moved to Washington, D.C. Three chief justices, John Jay (Jay Court), John Rutledge (Rutledge Court), and Oliver Ellsworth (Ellsworth Court), officiated the Supreme Court from this location.</p><br>
<p>After the national capital moved to Washington, D.C., the building continued to serve as Philadelphia&#39;s City Hall until 1854. It is a contributing property to Independence National Historical Park and is owned by the City of Philadelphia, which leases the building to the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>The Walton County Courthouse is a historic courthouse building located in DeFuniak Springs, Florida. It is a contributing property in the DeFuniak Springs Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 28, 1992.</p><br>
<p>A new addition to the courthouse was opened in October 2007 and the original courthouse is being renovated.</p><br>
<h2>Confederate monument</h2><br>
<p>The Confederate monument was erected in 1871 on the old courthouse grounds in Valley Church, then moved to a new courthouse site in Eucheeanna and finally moved to DeFuniak Springs when this courthouse was built. It was erected in memory of the county&#39;s war dead and was reportedly the first such monument built. A Confederate battle flag was erected next to the monument on the Walton County courthouse lawn in April 1964 according to the DeFuniak Herald/Beach Breeze newspaper. On July 28, 2015, the Walton County Board of County Commissioners despite protests from local citizens.</p><br>
<p>The Cushing Hotel is a historic hotel in Afton, Minnesota, United States, established in 1867 to cater to railroad workers, lumbermen, and travelers. The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 for its local significance in the theme of commerce. It was nominated for exemplifying the commercial lodging common to mid-19th-century river towns. It remains in business as the Afton House Inn.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The original section of the Cushing Hotel is a simple two-story wood-frame building. It measures 24 by and is topped with a hip roof. The building was constructed of locally milled white pine and sheathed in clapboard. Decoration is very minimal, primarily consisting of thin lintels over some doors and windows.</p><br>
<p>The building has been expanded and altered over the years. Early on a two-story wing was added to the rear to create additional rooms. Around 1907 a screened porch was added across the front façade. Later the south façade gained a brick chimney and a gabled entrance vestibule. Additions were made to the north and rear to expand the bar and restaurant. Extensive work in the 1980s removed the screened porch and restored much of the historical appearance of the original wing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village of Afton, formally organized in 1858, was situated on two main travel routes in early Minnesota: the St. Croix River and the Point Douglas to Superior Military Road. The town&#39;s first hotel was built in 1856 but it was completely destroyed by a fire in 1861. Six years later Charles C. Cushing built this hotel on the same site. He died in 1876 but his wife kept the business in operation, bolstered by a growing number of leisure travelers.</p><br>
<p>There is a gap in the building&#39;s history leading up to the turn of the 20th century, but in 1907 it was acquired by Mary Pennington and operated exclusively as a restaurant. "Mother Mary", as she was known, managed it until her death in 1946. In 1960 Messrs. Smith and Myers bought the building and added the Catfish Saloon. In 1967, on its hundredth anniversary, new owner Hugh Andersen remodeled the hotel, adding a dining room and a screened rear porch. Gordon and Kathy Jarvis purchased the hotel in 1976 and began more remodeling, with work supervised by a local woodcarver. They had the hotel listed on the National Register in 1985.</p><br>
<p>New Kent High School is a historic school in New Kent, Virginia. The school, along with the nearby George W. Watkins Elementary School, is associated with the landmark Supreme Court case Green v. County School Board of New Kent County , in which the court defined what the standards of Brown v. Board of Education were in the desegregation cases. This decision ended the era of Massive Resistance and ushered in the era of integration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before desegregation, George Watkins was the county&#39;s African American-only high school, while New Kent School was the high school for whites. The name for the former was in honor of Dr. George W. Watkins, who served as the pastor of the Second Liberty Baptist Church from 1928 to 1971. During this time, he encouraged church members to take leadership roles in the community, such as on the local school board, planning commission, board of supervisors, and other civic and religious organizations. The most notable of those who followed this advice was Dr. Calvin C. Green, who led the push for desegregation in Green v. County School Board.</p><br>
<p>In 1954, the Brown v. Board of Education overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine, but it was not specific on remedies that educational systems had to take to remove discrimination. The 1955 "Brown II" ruling on relief called only for desegregation at "all deliberate speed", which many interpreted to allow active resistance. Many school systems made changes which allowed them to avoid the most blatant appearance of discrimination, but which achieved only token amounts of integration. Notably, the 1955 Briggs appeals court decision was one that held that the constitution "does not require integration. It merely forbids discrimination.", and this was used to avoid taking active steps towards integration.</p><br>
<p>In reaction to the Brown v. Board decision, the New Kent County School System implemented a choice system in 1967, through which students were given a choice to either attend New Kent High School or George Watkins High School. The plan resulted in some African Americans attending New Kent but no whites attending Watkins. In Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, the Supreme Court ruled that the choice plan was unconstitutional. Watkins was soon converted into a middle school and an integrated New Kent High School became the county school for grades 9-12.</p><br>
<p>The pair of schools was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The campus is now used as the New Kent campus of Rappahannock Community College. The New Kent County school district has since built a new high school south of the former school. The George W. Watkins High School has undergone significant renovations to function as George W. Watkins Elementary School.</p><br>
<p>The Peyton Randolph House, also known as the Randolph-Peachy House, is a historic house museum in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia. Its oldest portion dating to about 1715, it is one of the museum&#39;s oldest surviving buildings. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 as the home of Founding Father Peyton Randolph , the first and third President of the Continental Congress.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Randolph House is located in near the center of Colonial Williamsburg, at the northeast corner of Nicholson and North England Streets. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, appearing as a seven-bay main block with a single-story ell to the east. The main block is capped by a roof that is hipped at the western end and gabled at the eastern. The main entrance is set in the center bay, sheltered by a gabled hood. Windows are arranged slightly out of symmetry, a product of the building&#39;s construction history. The building interior retains original 18th century woodwork, and a marble fireplace mantel in its central section.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the house is the western half of the main block, which was built about 1715 by William Robertson. It was purchased by Sir John Randolph in 1724, who also purchased a lot to the east, where he built a second house. Randolphs son Peyton joined the two structures together by building the middle section. The eastern section did not have internal access to the rest of the house, and may have been used by the younger Randolph as an office. The western section of the house originally had a fully hipped roof, and the area between it and the middle sections gable was used as a water collection area, housing a cistern that is still found in the building&#39;s attic.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the home was owned by the Peachy Family, and was used as a hospital for Union and Confederate troops wounded during the Battle of Williamsburg on May 5, 1862.</p><br>
<p>The building was restored by Colonial Williamsburg 1938–1940. The original east wing, in poor condition, was torn down and a reconstruction built. That area was determined to contain at least two Native American Indian burial sites and pottery. These graves were disturbed during the construction of the tunnel for the Colonial National Parkway in 1941.</p><br>
<p>In 1970 the house was declared a National Historic Landmark, for its well-preserved early 18th-century architecture, and for its association with prominent Randolph family.</p><br>
<p>Tuckahoe, also known as Tuckahoe Plantation, or Historic Tuckahoe is located in Tuckahoe, Virginia on Route 650 near Manakin Sabot, Virginia, overlapping both Goochland and Henrico counties, six miles from the town of the same name. Built in the first half of the 18th century, it is a well-preserved example of a colonial plantation house and is particularly distinctive as a colonial prodigy house. Thomas Jefferson is also recorded as having spent some of his childhood here. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1969.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Randolph first settled at Tuckahoe around 1714 and is recorded as contributing to the construction of the local Dover Parish (also known as St James Parish) church in the early 1720s. Randolph brought with him enslaved people, sufficient in number to be called a workforce, that he inherited from his father William Randolph&#39;s estate.</p><br>
<p>Thomas son William Randolph III built the mansion. and the following year William died. Randolph had added a codicil to his will asking that Peter Jefferson come to Tuckahoe Plantation and care for his three orphaned children. Peter Jefferson and his wife Jane Randolph Jefferson, Randolphs cousin, moved from Shadwell in Charlottesville to Tuckahoe Plantation with their three daughters and two-year-old son Thomas. The Jeffersons and Randolph children lived together in the H-shaped home until 1752. Peter Jefferson directed the activities of the plantation and its seven overseers, "retaining a connection to the estate" even during his famous expeditions to map the western part of the state and after he returned to his own plantation of Shadwell.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Jefferson, who spent seven years of his childhood at Tuckahoe, came to formulate his moral viewpoint of slavery there:</p><br>
<p>The son of William Randolph III, Thomas Mann Randolph Sr. and his wife Anne Cary had thirteen children and she died in 1789. Shortly afterward, Thomas Mann Randolph Sr. remarried to Gabriella Harvie, the seventeen-year-old daughter of a Richmond attorney. Gabriella made significant changes to Tuckahoe, including painting the wooden paneling in the so-called "White Parlor", and insisted on naming her son (b. 1792) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. despite the fact that the eldest son of Thomas Mann Randolph and Anne Cary (b. 1768) was already named Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. Thomas Mann Randolph Jr./II (1768–1828) moved to Edge Hill, Albemarle County, Virginia and went on to be a prominent statesman and governor of Virginia from 1819 to 1822. Thomas Mann Randolph Jr./III inherited Tuckahoe, but sold it for debts in 1830.</p><br>
<p>The house passed through several families in the mid-19th century, but returned to the Randolphs in 1898 when it was sold to Harold Jefferson Coolidge and a consortium of Randolph and Jefferson descendants. In the 20th century, Tuckahoe featured prominently in an early test of the National Historic Preservation Act when the owners challenged Virginia&#39;s plan to route Virginia State Route 288 through the property (see Thompson v. Fugate, 347 F. Supp 120, E.D. Va. (1972)).</p><br>
<p>The house is currently occupied by owner/manager Addison B. Thompson and his wife Susan.</p><br>
<h2>Main house and its exterior</h2><br>
<p>William Randolph III constructed the current dwelling, now a National Historic Landmark, beginning in the mid-1730s. Dendrochronology analysis indicates the timbers in the older (north) wing date to c. 1733 and this is supported by archaeological evidence dating the north porch to c. 1740. The north wing features pine and black walnut paneling with exquisite carvings and moldings. William Randolph then added a center hall and south wing, creating a unique "H" shape which was completed by 1740. The main residence at Tuckahoe plantation is one of the "great plantations" of 18th-century Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The two-story wood structure sits in its original spot, the only Randolph home to not be relocated. The structure forms an "H," with wings mirroring each other and connected by a central corridor. The entrances to the house are reached by flights of stairs and two porches. The stoop is covered by a projected pediment supported by simple wooden posts and is framed by a wooden railing. To either side of the entrance is a pair of windows as well as a central window over the entrance, each with dark shutters. Each two-sashed window contains 9 panes of glass. The gabled roof rests on a simple cornice line with dentil moldings. A large brick chimney rises from either side of the home.</p><br>
<h2>The grounds</h2><br>
<h3>Outbuildings</h3><br>
<p>A collection of outbuildings were located on Plantation Street of Tuckahoe. Slave quarters, an office, a toolhouse, and a barn are there.</p><br>
<p>Cemeteries of the Randolph, Wight, and current Ball/Thompson families are also on the grounds.</p><br>
<h3>Slave quarters</h3><br>
<p>The slave quarters at Tuckahoe were larger than most slave quarters, which could be as small as 12 by 8 feet. They were about 16 by 20 feet, but were divided into two units, which were separated by a central chimney. Each room had an exterior door. Two later slave quarters include overhead lofts.</p><br>
<h2>Plantation life</h2><br>
<h3>Economy</h3><br>
<p>Tuckahoe was 25,000 acres at its height. There were three mills on the property and Tuckahoe grew wheat and tobacco and raised livestock. The main crop was tobacco, which was sent to London in barrels.</p><br>
<h3>Household and farm work</h3><br>
<p>Household and farm work was performed by indentured servants and enslaved men, women, and children.</p><br>
<p>In 1859, there were 62 bondspeople. A few worked in the house as domestic workers or cooks. One individual was a metalsmith. Most of the people worked in the fields. From the records of that time, children began working in the fields by age 11. Relying on labor from enslaved people meant that planters and their families lived wealthy and comfortable lives.</p><br>
<h3>Clothing</h3><br>
<p>Tuckahoe had a weaving room,</p><br>
<h3>Residents</h3><br>
<p>A woman named Harriet was among the last known African Americans born on Tuckahoe. She had a "clear recollection" of growing up on the plantation, which she recounted in 1915. Her husband, Wesley, was a ditcher.</p><br>
<p>Levi Ellis was known to his family as a freed man from the Tuckahoe plantation. He purchased 49 acres in Goochland County, Virginia that he farmed with his wife Martha Jane Ellis. He was a founder of what was later called Ellisville, bordered by the Ellisville Bridge. He was also a founder, deacon, and Sunday School superintendent of the St. James Baptist Church. It was among the first black churches in the county and operated a school.</p><br>
<h3>Interaction with other people</h3><br>
<p>Bondspeople traveled among other plantations owned by the Jeffersons, Randolphs, and the Lewises, who were family members. Some slaveholders traveled with one or two enslaved people. People who had special skills, like carpentry, would sometimes work at other estates. There were a number of instances in which blacks at Tuckahoe communicated with those at Jefferson family plantations, including when Jeffersons moved to Tuckahoe and then back to Shadwell (following William Randolph&#39;s death). In 1790, the Jeffersons visited Tuckahoe with Hemings family members.</p><br>
<h3>Song</h3><br>
<p>At Monticello, the enslaved people had a song that mentions Tuckahoe. According to Martha Jefferson Randolph, the song refers to Thomas Mann Randolph Sr.:</p><br>
<h3>Worship</h3><br>
<p>Churches were built and operated by white people. Free blacks and enslaved people may have been able to worship in these churches, in separate space for blacks, until blacks established their own churches.</p><br>
<h3>Sale</h3><br>
<p>Portions of the Randolph&#39;s Tuckahoe plantation were subdivided into smaller tracts and sold. Upon completion of an anticipated sale in 1842, enslaved people were to be put up for sale.</p><br>
<p>The nearby city of Richmond was the largest seller of enslaved people in Virginia. When enslaved people were sold, it meant that communities and families were likely dispersed to different places. It was common for people to be separated from their spouses and children, perhaps for the rest of their lives. People were taken from the plantation and put into jails or slave pens of slave traders. They could have been there for weeks and may have been subject to physical inspections. When they were auctioned, it was possible that they were sold to another trader or ultimately sold to work plantations in the Deep South.</p><br>
<h3>Runaways</h3><br>
<p>A carpenter named Gabriel or Gabe ran away from Tuckahoe on December 10, 1783. An advertisement by Thomas M. Randolph offered a reward of $20 for Gabriel and $5 for the horse that he took for his escape. He was formerly enslaved by Col. Charles Carter of Ludlow. Bob Christian ran away on January 5, 1836. He had a wife in New Kent County, a mother in Richmond, and other relatives in Chickahominy. Tuckahoe&#39;s plantation owner E.L. Wight offered $20 for his return. By 1851, M.W. Kemp of Gloucester County sold Wallace Smith to Joseph Allen of Tuckahoe. Smith ran away and was expected to be in Gloucester. A $200 reward was offered for his return.</p><br>
<h3>Freedom</h3><br>
<p>Slavery continued until the passage of the 13th Amendment that abolished slavery in 1865. There were laws enacted and other practices that limited African Americans rights and opportunities after the Emancipation Proclamation.</p><br>
<p>Some of the people who were emancipated following the American Civil War lived on Tuckahoe into the turn of the 20th century. They were paid a salary and lived in the original quarters on the property.</p><br>
<p>Others, like Levi Ellis, settled into a community of black people, like New Town in the Three Square area, and, in the eastern part of the county, Ellisville and Gordonstown. Once free, blacks in Virginia competed directly with white people for work in their trades. Many freedmen had a number of customers rather than being tied to one employer, which might recommence a paternalistic relationship.</p><br>
<h3>Legacy</h3><br>
<p>In February 2019, three women painted the message "we profit off slavery" in red on a sign and pillar at Tuckahoe. The anonymous group who took responsibility for the message said that it was a reminder of "Virginia&#39;s troubled history." It happened during the same period that protestors met at the Virginia State Capitol and outside the Executive Mansion and called on Gov. Northam to resign. A fountain at Capitol Square was vandalized when red dye was poured into the water.</p><br>
<p>Old City Hall, known formerly as City Hall, is the former city hall of Richmond, Virginia that was designed by Elijah E. Myers. It served as City Hall from its completion in 1894 through the 1970s. The building occupies its own city block in downtown Richmond, bounded by 10th and 11th Streets to the west and east, and Capitol Street and East Broad Street to the south. The building is executed in a meticulous Gothic Revival style, and was designated a National Historic Landmark for its architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>While the overall composition of the building is generally symmetrical, the 195 ft clock tower on the left side of the principal facade gives an impression of asymmetry. The four main levels are executed in gray granite. The interior centers around a large skylit atrium surrounded by four levels of cloister-like arcades, linked by a grand staircase. The building housed city offices and courts. Granite was locally obtained from quarries along the James River near Petersburg, and was shaped by workers under the direction of subcontractor James Netherwood. Iron work was by Asa Snyder.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Old City Hall occupies a site that previously accommodated three notable buildings, all demolished for the new structure. The first City Hall, designed by Robert Mills and Maximilian Godefroy and completed in 1818 was demolished because it was considered structurally deficient. Also demolished were the Edmund Randolph House, a circa 1800 octagonal-ended house, and the 1853 First Presbyterian Church, which was moved off the site in 1873. A design competition was held in 1883, with a design by Elijah E. Myers of Detroit selected in 1884. The project was bid twice, and both times the low bids were well above the budget. A new competition was held, and a design by Wait & Cutter of Boston was selected. Working drawings were prepared in 1886. Despite this, later that year the city council reversed its former decision and moved forward with the Myers design.</p><br>
<p>Ground was broken for the new structure in 1886, with costs rising from a projected $300,000 to $1,318,349.19. Myers was a well-respected architect who had designed the state capitols of Colorado, Idaho, Michigan and Texas, but it was later found that Myers had paid a bribe of $1,500 to ensure that his design would be built. Cost overruns were attributed to the massive and ornamented nature of the design. From 1900/05 to 1913, City Hall was the tallest building in both Richmond and Virginia until being surpassed by the First National Bank Building. By 1915, with the popularity of the Beaux-Arts style, proposals were made to demolish City Hall to create a mall aligned with the northern side of the Virginia State Capitol. Renewed demolition threats surfaced in the 1970s, but the building was restored in the early 1980s and is used for offices.</p><br>
<p>The Old City Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 1, 1969 and was designated a USA National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Wadhams Oil and Grease Company of Milwaukee was a chain of filling and service stations that operated in the early 20th century and was headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The companys refinery was in Indiana. The company was headed by Harger W. Dodge, who assumed leadership from his father-in-law in 1916. Dodge saw the potential in offering a convenient way for automobile owners to fill their cars with gasoline. He built off-street filling stations with underground tanks for the gasoline and electric pumps to dispense it. Wadham&#39;s was purchased by Vacuum Oil Company in 1930. Vacuum Oil was then acquired by Socony, which later became Mobil.</p><br>
<h2>Pagoda service stations</h2><br>
<p>Early gas stations were small, ugly or utilitarian buildings that attracted little notice and even complaints from neighbors. Dodge hired Milwaukee architect Alexander C. Eschweiler to design eye-catching stations. Inspired by Japanese culture, which was popular at the turn of the century, he created Wadham&#39;s signature pagoda. As well as a prime example of Japonism, the design was one of the earlier examples of architecture forging a brand identity.</p><br>
<p>Each building was unique, having a different roofline and floor plan. The pagoda-style roofs were made of stamped-metal tiles. Atop the gabled red roofs many stations had cupolas - often multi-tiered - with lanterns hanging from the corners. The walls were black with yellow trim around the copious glass. They most often featured large plate glass windows on the front, and multi-pane windows covering the sides. Wadham&#39;s built over 100 of these distinctive pagodas between 1917 and 1930.</p><br>
<p>Few of these stations remain. One, built in 1927, was in use as a gas station until 1978. Restored in 2000, it is on the National Register of Historic Places and is maintained as a museum display by the city of West Allis. Another, built in 1926, is part of the Washington Avenue Historic District in Cedarburg and is in use as a jewelry store.</p><br>
<p>The Feltville Historic District, located in the Watchung Reservation in Berkeley Heights, Union County, New Jersey, United States, is a historic area which contains several buildings dating to the 18th century. It is known locally as "Deserted Village."</p><br>
<p>The district includes eight houses, a church, a carriage house, and a general house. Over the years the "deserted village of Feltville" was a mill town, a farming community, and a summer resort. Only three families remain as permanent residents, while the remainder of the site is open to visitors who wish to learn of its history or to simply enjoy the forested surroundings. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 6, 1980 for its significance in agriculture, archaeology, commerce, education, industry and community planning.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first settler of this area was Peter Willcox, an Englishman who moved here from Long Island about 1736. The area then was a frontier. He built a sawmill, but it was demolished as more people came to the area.</p><br>
<p>David Felt, a businessman in Boston, Massachusetts, decided to move to New York City in 1825. By 1844, the production of his mill could not grow fast enough to meet the demands of the merchants he supplied, so Felt began to look for land in New Jersey on which to build a second factory. Eventually he bought land from the descendants of Peter Willcox, and in two years, he had built a mill on Blue Brook, two dams for the mill, and a town for the workers in the mill. He named this new town "Feltville". Within the little town, Felt gained the nickname of "King David", for he required the residents to attend services in the churchhouse and their children to attend classes in a one-room schoolhouse.</p><br>
<p>By 1850, about 175 people lived in Feltville, often four families in each of the larger houses and two in each of the smaller. Also in that year, a nondenominational "Union Church" with a resident pastor was active. After fifteen years, "King David" Felt sold the property, and after several successor businesses failed, the place became known as "the deserted village". In 1882, it was bought by Warren Ackerman, who transformed it to a summer resort called Glenside Park. Interest soon dwindled as more people chose to summer on the shore of New Jersey instead. After the place was again deserted, the Union Country Park Commission bought it and included it in the Watchung Reservation, renting the houses to families. The houses were stabilized recently. In September 2011 Masker&#39;s Barn, the carriage house built by Warren Ackerman, was restored. The hall served as a cafeteria and lecture hall from 1966 to 1984.</p><br>
<p>Since many of the main structures are no longer standing, an ongoing preservation effort aims to show visitors how the inhabitants of Feltville-Glenside Park once lived. The main missing buildings are the mill, the Felt Mansion, the dormitories, and the school. The foundation of the mill is still visible next to Blue Brook, which runs farther downhill of the buildings that still stand.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist attractions</h2><br>
<p>County staff also provides activities on certain weekends where they have children&#39;s games, a demonstration of apple cider pressing, and a display of archaeological artifacts.</p><br>
<p>During the month of October, two weeks before Halloween, there are haunted hayrides for families. They ride through this town, explaining the noted people throughout this town&#39;s history and of course adding special effects.</p><br>
<p>This is open to the public daily and there is a visitor center where brochures are given.</p><br>
<h3>The Murals de la Selva</h3><br>
<p>In 1916, the Deserted Village fell into decline upon the closure of Glenside Park. A local civil engineer and travel enthusiast named Edward J. Grassmann purchased a number of properties to serve as a club. Grassmann was a lifelong Elizabeth resident who made his fortune in land surveying and kaolin processing; the trust that bears his name is still in existence today.</p><br>
<p>Grassmann decorated two of his structures at the Deserted Village to demonstrate his fondness for the Southwest and Latin America. He called one the "Mexican Cottage" and the other he christened as the "Indian Cottage."</p><br>
<p>It was Grassmann who apparently persuaded celebrated Nicaraguan/Mexican artist Roberto de la Selva to paint themed murals throughout the first floor interior of the Mexican Cottage. In the late 1920s, during his first trip to the United States, de la Selva spent months in rural Union County painting the murals, which depict native Mexicans at work, play and worship, including statues of both ancient gods and the Virgin Mary. As the only murals de la Selva, who was primarily a sculptor, is known to have painted, these murals are significant to both the history of Feltville and the international art world.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the murals&#39; site in the Deserted Village was named by Preservation New Jersey as one of the 10 Most Endangered Historic Sites in New Jersey.</p><br>
<h2>Rumors of ghosts</h2><br>
<p>A popular local legend tells of three ghosts living in the house furthest down the path. The story claims the rumors originated in 1912, when three young sisters all went camping deep in the woods, but did not return. Locals were only able to find their bonnets, and the fears of the people caused almost half of the residents to move away. Those that remained never let their children go deep in the woods again without supervision.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate Monument in Glasgow, Kentucky, built in 1905 by the Kentucky Womens Monumental Association and former Confederate soldier John A. Murray, commemorates those who gave their lives in service for the Confederate States of America. It is located on the side of Glasgows courthouse. The Confederate soldier, made of bronze, is at parade rest, and features details such as a bedroll, canteen, kepi hat, and rifle. It stands on a limestone pedestal.</p><br>
<p>Glasgow saw much action in 1862. John Hunt Morgan twice raided through the city. The most notable was Christmas Eve, when some of Morgans men under Captain Thomas Quirk sought to celebrate the holiday at a tavern in Glasgow, which the Union 2nd Michigan Cavalry also did, leading to a skirmish. Two Union and Three Confederate soldiers were killed, and the Union cavalry retreated to Cave City, leaving Glasgow in Morgans hands. Braxton Bragg went through the town on his way to capturing Kentucky&#39;s capital of Frankfort and the Battle of Perryville.</p><br>
<p>The President of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis, gave a Medal of Honor to one enlisted man in every company that gave the Confederacy a "signal victory". With seven such men, Barren County, whose county seat is Glasgow, had more such medalists than any other county in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Four of these came from the Battle of Stone&#39;s River, and three were from the Battle of Chickamauga; both battles were fought in Tennessee, not Kentucky. It was remembering this valor of his fellow Confederate soldiers who hailed from Barren County that Nelson County native John A. Murray had the Confederate Monument in Glasgow built, with the help of a ladies association.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 1997, it was one of sixty different monuments to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission. Twenty-three of these monuments, including Glasgows, had cast soldiers as part of the memorial, and Glasgows is one of ten such soldier monuments in Kentucky that is on a courthouse lawn.</p><br>
<p>The James Semple House is a historic house on Francis Street in Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia. Built about 1770, it is a prominent early example of Classical Revival residential architecture, whose design has been attributed to Thomas Jefferson.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The James Semple House stands in historic Colonial Williamsburg, a short way south of the Capitol on the south side of East Francis Street. It is a wood-frame structure, with a central two-story section flanked by single-story wings set at a recess. The central block is covered by a front-facing gabled roof with full pediment, while the wings have side-facing gables. The central block is three bays wide, with a center entrance topped by a transom window and sheltered by a gabled portico. The portico is supported by Doric columns, and has a dentillated pediment and eaves.</p><br>
<p>The exact date of construction of this house is uncertain, but was probably around 1770. Early owners of the house were the Harrison family, and Benjamin Harrison V sold it sometime before 1769 to Dr. William Pasteur. Surviving documentation suggests that a house may have been standing on the lot when Pasteur acquired it, but it is also possible that Pasteur had the house built after purchasing the land. Its designer is also uncertain, and has been ascribed by some authorities to Thomas Jefferson on the basis of its similarity to other known Jefferson designs. The house was acquired in 1801 by Dr. James Semple. Future USA president John Tyler, a relative of the Semples, resided here while attending school. After passing through several other owners, it was purchased by Colonial Williamsburg in 1928.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its landmark designation in 1970, it was used by Colonial Williamsburg as executive housing.</p><br>
<p>The Petersburg Breakthrough Battlefield is a historic district in Dinwiddie County, near Petersburg, Virginia. It was the location of the Third Battle of Petersburg, in which the Union Army broke through Confederate Army lines protecting Petersburg and Richmond on April 2, 1865, during the American Civil War. The success of the breakthrough led to abandonment of Richmond by General Robert E. Lee, a general retreat, and surrender at Appomattox Court House one week later. Portions of the area were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003, and a different portion  was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006. Much of the battlefield area is part of Pamplin Historical Park, a private park open to the public that interprets the battle. The park includes a full-service visitor center, trails, displays, interpretive signs and history programs. The Civil War Trust  and its partners have acquired and preserved 407 acres of the Breakthrough battlefield in five transactions since 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Petersburg Breakthrough Battlefield is located just southwest of Petersburg. It is a large area, roughly bounded on the northwest by United States Route 1, to the north by the Rohoic Woods Apartment complex on Virginia State Route 670, the east by Hofheimer Way and Church Road (Virginia State Route 672), and on the south by Arthur Swamp, an area that drains south into the Nottoway River. The battlefield area is located on private land just west of the Fort Fisher and Fort Welch area of Petersburg National Battlefield, a USA National Park Service-administered area. Much of this area is part of Pamplin Historical Park, a private park which interprets the battle.</p><br>
<p>The preserved portions of the battlefield include nearly 1,700 ft of Confederate earthworks, which are among the best-preserved known. Archaeological evidence of the Confederate camps, located at the back of those works, is also present, as are a series of rifle pits dug by the Confederates. Some of these were taken over by Union forces in the action. Also included in the defenses are two dams (of an unknown number that would have been built) for the diversion of water in and around the defenses. On the east side of Arthur Swamp the Confederates built a large redan on one of the area&#39;s natural high points.</p><br>
<p>The battlefield area also now includes recreations of Confederate log cabins, built as part of their winter quarters, and the facilities of Pamplin Historical Park. The park area includes the Hart House, built 1859-61, which has been restored to its appearance of that time, and the c. 1812 Tudor Hall, a Federal period house that stood just outside the area where the battle took place.</p><br>
<p>The battlefield is the subject of two separate, overlapping designations. In 2003 "Petersburg Breakthrough Battlefield Historic District at Pamplin Historical Park" was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, encompasses about 422 acre, including all of Pamplin Historical Park and three adjacent residential properties. In 2006 an area of just over 647 acre was designated a National Historic Landmark. The latter designation includes larger areas of properties adjacent to Pamplin Park, and excludes portions of the park (such as Tudor Hall) that did not directly bear on the battle.</p><br>
<p>The Georgia State Railroad Museum  is a museum in Savannah, Georgia located at a historic Central of Georgia Railway site. It includes parts of the Central of Georgia Railway: Savannah Shops and Terminal Facilities National Historic Landmark District. The complex is considered the most complete antebellum railroad complex in the United States. The museum, located at 655 Louisville Road, is part of a historic district included in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The museum is across the street from the Central of Georgia Depot and Trainshed, also part of the historic district. The complex was constructed in 1853 by the Central of Georgia Railway (CofG) before the outbreak of the American Civil War. Savannah Shops and terminal buildings were declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976, a listing which was expanded in 1978 to include additional buildings in the complex.</p><br>
<p>The historic railroad structures at the Georgia State Railroad Museum site include a partial roundhouse with operating turntable, partial machine shop, Tender Frame Shop, Blacksmith Shop, Boiler House, Storehouse & Print Shop, Lumber and Planing Sheds, Coach and Paint Shops, and a partial Carpentry Shop which now houses Savannah Children&#39;s Museum. Many of these structures are open for visitors to explore.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Historic Railroad Shops complex is among the finest remaining examples of Victorian railroad architecture and design and is the most intact antebellum railroad repair complex in the country. It was designated a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service. On-site displays include antique shaft driven machinery, locomotives and railroad stock, model train layouts, an operating turntable, and the oldest portable steam engine in the United States. The Historic Railroad Shops offers a valuable educational experience for students and has also become a popular local tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>The complex has been maintained as the Georgia State Railroad Museum and a general industry museum by the Coastal Heritage Society with the assistance of the City of Savannah.</p><br>
<h2>Site history</h2><br>
<p>The Central of Georgia Railroad started as the Central Rail Road and Canal Company in 1833, and built a passenger station, freight terminal and some shops in the Louisville Road area of Savannah around 1836. However, none of those structures remain today. By the mid-1840s the railway had expanded to 190 mi of track, and the CG began construction of new shops in 1851. The first completed building was the carpenters&#39; shop in 1853, followed by the original roundhouse, machine shop, tender frame shop, blacksmith shop and several other buildings in 1855. Additional buildings were constructed at the complex into the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The roundhouse, turntable and other structures were rebuilt in the late 1920s after a major fire in 1923, as well as to accommodate larger locomotives and rolling stock. Passenger trains operated to the Central of Georgia Depot until 1971.</p><br>
<p>In 1989 during the filming of Glory, City Manager Don Mendonsa and Historic Savannah President Gordon Matthews toured the site. Troop were there in uniform ready for filming. Gordon suggested to Don that Scott Smith, who had led the restoration of nearby Ft. Jackson, had the talent and experience to begin the restoration project. At that point a sign on a wall identification of the two drinking water stations - one for whites and one for black. SCAD students had crawled under fences to use many of the walls for graffiti then. Scott brought his blend of historian, engineer, communicator to then start the project with the support of the City of Savannah.</p><br>
<h2>Transition to museum</h2><br>
<p>The Southern Railway purchased the CG in 1963 and closed the Savannah shops. Subsequently, the railway transferred the complex to the City of Savannah. The Coastal Heritage Society, a non-profit organization, opened the museum on the site in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Museum facilities</h2><br>
<p>Museum attractions include:</p><br>
<p>Massive roundhouse with an operating turntable (length 85 ft)</p><br>
<p>Numerous historic railroad buildings</p><br>
<p>Historic machinery and stationary steam engines</p><br>
<p>Steam and diesel</p><br>
<p>Office cars and cabooses.</p><br>
<p>Daily tours and activities, sometimes including a short site tour by rail.</p><br>
<p>Model railroad</p><br>
<p>Central of Georgia Railway Company Shop Property is the former administration building of the Central of Georgia Railway. The site complex includes several notable structures, including a freight house, a cotton yard with brick gates which it shares with the Central of Georgia Depot and Trainshed, and a brick viaduct leading to a junction with the line along Louisville Road west of Boundary Street and the Savannah and Ogeechee Canal. The tracks were also located next to "The Gray Building," a Greek Revival structure built in 1856, which the C&G moved their headquarters to. This building became known as "The Red Building."</p><br>
<p>The Central Railroad was acquired by the Southern Railway in 1963, leading to the decline of all CG buildings in Savannah.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 5, 1970. The CG Depot and Trainshed were added to the NRHP and then declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976, and the Central of Georgia Railroad: Savannah Shops and Terminal Facilities were split off from the station onto its own registry in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Today it is known as Clark Hall (formerly Eichberg Hall), a branch of the Savannah College of Art and Design School of Building Arts. The Gray Building was the original museum, which was named Kiah Hall in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Wythe House is a historic house on the Palace Green in Colonial Williamsburg, in Williamsburg, Virginia, USA. Built in the 1750s, it was the home of George Wythe, signer of the Declaration of Independence and father of American jurisprudence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Wythe House once belonged to George Wythes father-in-law, Richard Taliaferro. The house was constructed between 1752 and 1754 and was conceived as a whole with no additions made to the rectangular two story structure. The house was built during a period of time when the Governors Palace was being renovated.</p><br>
<p>The house remained as the sole household of Taliaferro when his daughter Elizabeth married George Wythe in 1755. The couple received the house as a wedding present from Taliafero and they received a life tenancy upon his death in 1779. Elizabeth lived here until her death in 1787, and George moved to Richmond, Virginia in 1791 to serve as a judge.</p><br>
<p>The house served as headquarters for General George Washington &ndash; September 14 to 17, and 22 to 28, 1781 &ndash; prior to the Siege of Yorktown.</p><br>
<p>The house saw several subsequent owners. In 1926 the Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin, Rector of adjoining Bruton Parish Church, established his offices on the second floor after the Parish acquired the building for church use. Dr. Goodwin is known as the "Father of Colonial Williamsburg." Colonial Williamburg officially obtained the property in 1938, and in 1939 the interior was restored to the form and appearance the Wythe family would have known.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<h3>The house</h3><br>
<p>The facade is constructed of red brick with white woodwork and is perfectly symmetrical, with the first floor having two windows on each side of the door, and five windows in alignment with the bottom windows on the second floor. The hip roof has brick chimneys rising from the side slopes of the roof. The roof is supported by a modillion cornice.</p><br>
<p>The lighter-colored bricks framing the windows and doors are called "rubbed bricks," as the masons would rub one side of the bricks against each other until a rosy color became evident. The house has a beveled water table and the walls are laid in Flemish bond. The entrance is reached by a small flight of steps with a large door with raised panels and a transom window.</p><br>
<h3>The property</h3><br>
<p>The property has fine conjectural gardens and several outbuildings including a smokehouse, external kitchen, laundry, poultry house, lumber house, well, dovecote, and a stable. The gardens consist of brick paths and hedges with several small shrubs dotting the landscape. The property is contained by a simple white fence with hedges trimming the edges of the gardens.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The house is a standard center-passage, double-pile plan. A staircase rises on the left side of the passage. The hall contains four door lead to the various rooms.</p><br>
<p>The room interpreted as a parlor by Colonial Williamsburg is to the left before the staircase. A bowfat, a china cupboard, is built into the corner to the left of the fireplace.</p><br>
<p>The dining room is across from the parlor, which it mirrors. A fireplace and bowfat are in the inside wall. Wainscot lines this room; there is a crown molding.</p><br>
<p>A bedroom is located behind the dining room, with a door connecting the two rooms. A white chair rail divides the walls with a black base board. The floors are pine. The bedroom has another doorway leading into the main hall to the rear of the house.</p><br>
<p>The room interpreted as Wythe&#39;s office is located behind the parlor. The room contains a fireplace with a blue mantel and plastered firebox. The floors are pine.</p><br>
<p>The second floor is similar in layout to the first. A central hall runs the length of the house with four bedrooms in the corners of the house. Each of these rooms has a fireplace. The windows on this upper floor are actually slightly smaller than the first floor windows but contain the same amount of panels (18) and a double sash.</p><br>
<p>The Old Stone House is one of the oldest structures in Washington, D.C. The house is also the last pre-revolutionary colonial building in Washington, D.C. Built in 1765, Old Stone House is located at 3051 M Street, Northwest in the city&#39;s Georgetown neighborhood. Sentimental local folklore preserved the Old Stone House from being demolished, unlike many colonial homes in the area that were replaced by redevelopment.</p><br>
<p>The Old Stone House was constructed in three phases during the 18th century and is an example of vernacular architecture. The house was built as a one-story structure. Additions were later made, and it was used both as a residence and for business.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-20th century, at one time, it was the site of a used-car dealership. After acquisition and renovation by the National Park Service (NPS) in the 1950s, the Old Stone House was adapted as a house museum. The Old Stone House stands among the neighborhood&#39;s stores and restaurants. The building is considered part of the Rock Creek Parkway urban natural area and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The Old Stone House is also a contributing property to the Georgetown Historic District, a National Historic Landmark. Today, the home is 85% original to its 18th-century construction.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>18th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1764, Christopher and Rachel Layman bought Lot Three, a piece of land in Georgetowns commercial district. They paid £1 10s. and financed the construction of a simple one-room house the following year. The lot faced Bridge Street, now known as M Street NW. The Laymans only possessions were Christopher&#39;s tools, a stove, Bibles, and some furniture. Christopher died unexpectedly in 1765, and the widowed Rachel Layman remarried two years later. She sold the house to another widow, Cassandra Chew.</p><br>
<p>Chew was a member of the upper-middle class and owned several properties in and around Georgetown. Because of her wealth, Chew was able to finance the construction of a rear kitchen in 1767 and a second-floor addition to the house between 1767 and 1775. The third floor originated in a property line dispute during the 1790s; the original west wall had been constructed six feet (2 m) beyond the property line and had to be dismantled. Chew used the opportunity to add the upper floor, which was completed by 1790.</p><br>
<p>Following the American Revolutionary War, government officials carved out land from Virginia and Maryland to create as the new nations capital. Pierre (Peter) Charles LEnfant, appointed by President George Washington to design the city layout, arrived in Georgetown on March 9, 1791, and began his work. Washington and LEnfant held their meetings at Suters Tavern, a former building owned by John Suter near 31st and K Streets, NW. At the time, John Suter, Jr. was renting a room at the Old Stone House. For many years, locals believed that Washington and LEnfant had met at the Old Stone House instead. This folklore is why the house was never demolished, and for many years a sign hung over the front door which said, "George Washingtons Headquarters." After some research done by the National Park Service, they learned that the folklore was not true. By the time they had discovered that they already owned the House and the property.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>When Chew died in 1807, she bequeathed Old Stone House to one of her daughters, Mary Smith Brumley, who became the first of many owners who operated businesses from the house. Like her mother, Brumley ran a successful merchant&#39;s shop inside the home. The house, then known as the Layman home after the first owners, remained in the family until 1875.</p><br>
<h3>20th and 21st centuries</h3><br>
<p>Over the years, the house had been used as a shop for hats, tailors, locksmiths, clockmakers, house roofers, and house painters. The Old Stone House was still privately owned in 1953, serving as a used car dealership with the backyard converted to a parking lot when the USA federal government purchased the property for $90,000 ($ today) and transferred it to the National Park Service for management. Between 1953 and 1960, the National Park Service removed most 19th- and 20th-century intrusions to the home, and the parking lot was redeveloped as an English garden.</p><br>
<p>After the renovation, the Old Stone House was opened to the public in 1960. It became a part of the George Washington Memorial Parkway. Stewardship of the house was later transferred to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park. In the late 1980s, stewardship of the Old Stone House was transferred to the Rock Creek Park administration.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Old Stone House is an example of vernacular architecture. The exterior of the house, constructed of blue granite and fieldstone, was quarried from a location 2 mi away near the Potomac River. The walls range from two to three feet (60–90 cm) thick. The oak used in the house was harvested from forests that were once predominant in Georgetown.</p><br>
<p>On the first floor, the original roof and front door were constructed of solid oak and cut with a pit saw. Marks left by the large saw can be seen on the first floor. The kitchen walls and fireplace contain irregular stones that were stacked and affixed with a mortar consisting of sand, lime, ash, and water. The kitchen&#39;s hearth is large enough to heat the entire house.</p><br>
<p>The second-floor architecture differs significantly from the first floor since Chew could afford higher quality building material. A second doorway and staircase were constructed for family members and guests. The original entrance was then reserved for workers and deliveries. There are three rooms located on this floor, the dining room, a bedroom, and the parlor. The hallway between the dining room and two front rooms features a high ceiling for ventilation in Georgetown&#39;s hot summers. The second-floor walls were plastered and painted. Chair rails were added to prevent damage to the walls. In the dining room, a dumbwaiter concealed by recessed pine cabinetry delivered food from the kitchen below. A clock believed to have been made by John Suter Jr., located in the dining room, is the only original piece of furniture left in the house. The clock dates back to the early 19th century. The bedroom features a carved wooden mantle that is believed to be of French origin.</p><br>
<p>The third floor, constructed of brick, was a private space. It was completed around 1790. It is much plainer than the second floor, with unfinished paneling and unpainted walls. There are three rooms on this floor, believed to be children&#39;s bedrooms and a storage area. A closet is attached to the third-floor bedroom, an unusual feature in 18th-century colonial houses. One often-repeated myth about the rarity of closets in British North America was that they were subject to a "closet tax". In reality, there is no evidence of any such tax being levied by the colonial governments. The rarity of closets was largely due to the lower number of clothes owned by most people of the time.</p><br>
<p>The Colonial Revival garden, located behind the house and bordered by a white picket fence, is 399 ft deep and 76 ft wide. Roses, perennials, and bulbs are located throughout the garden.</p><br>
<h2>Current usage</h2><br>
<p>Visitors are greeted by staff who tell the history of one of the oldest structures in Washington, D.C. The building is open to the public seven days a week, from 11:00 am to 6:00 pm Monday through Thursday and Friday to Sunday 11:00 am to 7:00 pm. The garden is open to the public every day from dawn until dusk.</p><br>
<p>The former First Church of Christ, Scientist, built in 1909, is an historic building located at 1813 NW Everett Street, in Portland, Oregon. It was designed by noted Chicago architect Solon Spencer Beman, who designed many Christian Science churches. On October 2, 1978, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The building was purchased by the Northwest Childrens Theater and converted into a theater called the Northwest Neighborhood Cultural Center (NWNCC). This closed in 2023 after the Childrens Theater moved to Downtown Portland.</p><br>
<p>The building is currently the subject of proposals to turn it into a "lifestyle hotel".</p><br>
<p>The John Coltrane Home is a ranch house in Dix Hills, New York, where jazz saxophonist John Coltrane lived with his family from 1964 until his death in 1967. Coltrane composed his album A Love Supreme, widely considered his magnum opus, in his practice room in the house.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>John Coltrane and his wife Alice moved to Suffolk County in 1964, along with their three children and Alices daughter from her prior marriage to Kenny Hagood. John lived in the house until his death from liver cancer at Huntington Hospital on July 17, 1967; Alice continued living in the house until 1973. The basement of the house was the site of Coltrane Studios, where many of Johns demo recordings were made and Alice recorded several of her early solo albums.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation efforts</h2><br>
<p>In 2002, the 3.4 acre house and property faced demolition and development until Steve Fulgoni, a local historian, discovered its provenance. Fulgoni alerted Alice Coltrane, owner Ash Agrawal, and the Huntington Historic Preservation Committee, who together sought a benefactor to buy the home in 2004.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the home was purchased by the Town of Huntington and given to the Friends of the Coltrane Home.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the home was added to the New York State and the National Register of Historic Places. In 2011, the National Trust for Historic Preservation included the home on its list of the America&#39;s Most Endangered Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, it received an award from the African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund.</p><br>
<p>The Wanton–Lyman–Hazard House is one of the oldest houses in Newport, Rhode Island, built around 1697. It is also one of the oldest houses in the state. It is located at the corner of Broadway and Stone Street, in the downtown section of the city in the Newport Historic District. The house "was damaged by Stamp Act riots in 1765 when occupied by a Tory Stampmaster."</p><br>
<p>The house has passed through several owners since its construction and has been renovated and improved by some of them. The three for whom it is named were not the first, but they were members of a family related by marriage that owned it from shortly before the Revolution to 1911. Since the 1920s, it has been owned by the Newport Historical Society (NHS) which renovated it and converted it to a historic house museum. In 1960, it was among the first National Historic Landmarks designated by the Department of the Interior.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Today the house is a five-bay wooden clapboard structure with a high peaked roof that slopes down in the rear and plaster cornice. It is painted a historic shade of dark red, except for a white door and entryway with pilasters and a small pediment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Merchant Stephen Mumford built the house in the late 17th century as a simple two-story structure with one room on either side of a central chimney. His son sold it to Richard Ward, a lawyer and governor of Rhode Island in the early 18th century. Sometime before 1725, a lean-to-styled kitchen was built on the north side of the house.</p><br>
<p>Loyalist lawyer Martin Howard Jr. owned the house afterwards. He decorated it with molding and paneling. He fled in 1766 following the Stamp Act Riots, during which he was hanged in effigy as a reaction to his co-authorship of a pamphlet criticizing the opponents of the Act for their disrespect to the Crown and Parliament. The house was slightly damaged by an angry mob.</p><br>
<p>Quaker merchant John Wanton bought the house at auction later that year. In 1782, his son-in-law Daniel Lyman inherited it. Three years later, he added the rear wing to accommodate his growing family. From him it passed to Benjamin Hazard, who had married another of Wantons daughters in 1807. The Hazard family sold the property in 1911, after Benjamins daughter Mary died. The building then fell into disrepair and remained vacant.</p><br>
<p>The house was "primarily" a residence until 1927, when the Newport Historical Society purchased and renovated it with the help of colonial architectural historian Norman Isham. He and the Society chose to renovate it in a combination of several of the period architectural styles which it had passed through. That resulted in removing the rear wing and restoring the upstairs bedroom to its original appearance.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, a Preliminary Historic Structure Report was done, allowing the historical society to get grants for another renovation and stabilization. The four-year project was finished in 2001. During that time, the NHS had also agreed to work with the Newport Garden Club to restore the original grounds and plantings. Archeological research conducted on the property for that project has led to some newer revelations about the house. Among them was an interior and exterior paint analysis, which has led to the house&#39;s paint scheme being adjusted. In 2005, a dendrochronology survey of the tree rings in the building confirmed a 1696 construction date.</p><br>
<p>In August 2024, the Newport Historical Society announced that it planned to raise $4.5 million to establish the house as a center for Black history, with permanent and rotating exhibits. The society plans to complete the center in 2026.</p><br>
<p>Historic American Buildings Survey, George J. Vaillancourt, Photographer VIEW FROM NORTHWEST (EXTERIOR AS RESTORED IN 1936). - Wanton-Lyman-Hazard House, 17 Broadway, Newport, HABS RI,3-NEWP,12-2.tifView from Northwest in 1937</p><br>
<p>Historic American Buildings Survey, Frank Farley, Photographer NORTH AND WEST ELEVATIONS (WEST FRONT). - Wanton-Lyman-Hazard House, 17 Broadway, Newport, Newport County, RI HABS RI,3-NEWP,12-1.tifNorth and West elevations</p><br>
<p>Great Friends Meeting House is a meeting house of the Religious Society of Friends  built in 1699 in Newport, Rhode Island. The meeting house, which is part of the Newport Historic District, is currently open as a museum owned by the Newport Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The meeting house is the oldest surviving house of worship in Rhode Island. In keeping with Quaker notions of "plain style" living, the building lacks adornments like pulpits, statuary, steeples, or stained glass. It features wide-plank floors, plain benches, a balcony, a beam ceiling, and a shingle exterior.</p><br>
<p>The original building measured two stories tall and about forty-five feet square, with a steeply pitched hip roof with a turret at the junction of the four roof slopes. Inside, massive framing timbers measure twelve inches square by forty-five feet long, supporting an open worship space with a second-floor gallery on three sides.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Quaker community in Newport largely controlled the culture and politics of the town in the 17th and 18th centuries, and many Quakers lived nearby in the historic "Eastons Point" section of Newport, where their houses have survived. The meeting house was built on land owned by Nicholas Easton who donated his land in the 1670s. It is likely Eastons house nearby on Farewell Street was used for the first Quaker meeting house before the current meeting house was built in 1699.</p><br>
<p>Upon its completion in 1699, the meeting house was the largest structure of any kind between Boston and New York.</p><br>
<p>Significant additions were made in 1730, 1807, 1857, and 1867 to accommodate the New England Yearly Meeting of Friends. The turret was removed in 1806.</p><br>
<p>The meeting house was used as a house of worship until the New England Yearly Meeting of Friends departed in 1905. The local African American community used the building as a community center until the 1970s when architect Orin M. Bullock restored the building, and in 1971 its owner Mrs. Sydney L. Wright donated the structure to the Newport Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>In 2005 a dendrochronology survey of the building&#39;s tree rings confirmed a 1699 construction date.</p><br>
<p>The Virginia Randolph Cottage, now the Virginia E. Randolph Museum, is a museum at 2200 Mountain Road in Glen Allen, Virginia. The museum is dedicated to the history of Virginia E. Randolph , an African-American vocational educator in the area for 55 years. The building, built in 1937 and housing Randolph&#39;s home economics classrooms, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974 in recognition of her legacy as a trainer of vocational teachers; her remains are interred on the grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Virginia Randolph Museum is located east of Glen Allen, on the north side of Mountain Road, just east of the main buildings of the Academy at Virginia Randolph, part of the Henrico County public schools. The museum building is a single-story brick house, with a gabled roof pierced by three dormers. It is not architecturally distinctive, and its interior has been partitioned to better serve its present purpose as a museum. It was built in 1937 with federal funding assistance.</p><br>
<p>Virginia E. Randolph was born to former slaves, and made her early career as an educator. In 1908 she was chosen by the Henrico County supervisor to develop a model program of training and supervision for vocational teachers. Under the auspices of the Jeanes Foundation, the methods and plans developed by Virginia Randolph in Henrico County eventually achieved internationally widespread adoption.</p><br>
<p>Randolph also continued to teach in the Henrico County schools until her retirement in 1949. The home economics building, where she is said to have had an office, continued to be used as a teaching facility until 1969-70, and was then converted by the county into a museum in Randolph&#39;s honor. Randolph is buried in a grave nearby.</p><br>
<p>Capitol View/Stifft&#39;s Station is a neighborhood of Little Rock, Arkansas, in the west-central portion of the city with approximately 1500 homes. Roughly, its boundaries include the area south of West Markham, north of Interstate 630, east of Pine, and west of Summit, as well as south of Riverview between Park and Summit. Capitol View/Stifft&#39;s Station is just west of Downtown, north of the Central High School Historic District, southeast of Pulaski Heights and uses the 72205 ZIP code.</p><br>
<h2>History and architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Capitol View/Stiffts Station neighborhood is the result of Little Rocks early 20th century westward growth. Located west of the Arkansas State Capitol, Capitol View and Stifft&#39;s Station were the combined result of numerous additions to, what was at the time, western Little Rock.</p><br>
<p>The architecture of the neighborhood is predominately Craftsman, Craftsman Bungalow, and Bungalow with modest Tudor or Colonial Revival detailing; One may also find Shotgun Houses, Queen Anne or American Foursquare styled homes, as well as various period revival influences including Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture. The dominance of these styles in the neighborhood reflects its principal growth period of 1920 to 1929 with roughly 40% of building stock constructed within this decade. Combined with construction undertaken in the 1930s, this period accounts for the majority of housing stock built within the neighborhood. Although construction of Interstate 630 in the 1970s dramatically altered the southern edges of the area, the neighborhood is largely intact and much of the original housing stock remains.</p><br>
<p>There are architecturally and historically significant structures and sites which merit preservation and protection within the area. Two structures in the area are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the T.R. McGuire House and Lamar Porter Field.</p><br>
<p>The T.R. McGuire House, located at 114 Rice Street, is a 1904 Colonial Revival cottage executed in structural concrete blocks. Although there are several Colonial Revival cottages throughout the area, The T.R. McGuire House is exemplary as a triumph in concrete block construction.</p><br>
<p>Lamar Porter Field, developed as a Works Progress Administration project, consists of a stadium and ball field which has historically served as the center of activity and social gatherings for the neighborhood. The facility was constructed on property donated by the Porter family and now owned by the Billy Mitchell Boys and Girls Club.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood also contains two historic districts: the Capitol View Historic District and the Stifft Station Historic District.</p><br>
<h3>Capitol View Historic District</h3><br>
<p>Capitol View is the eastern part of the Capitol View/Stifft&#39;s Station neighborhood. The Capitol View Historic District comprises the area east of Woodrow, North of Seventh street or the railroad tracks (whichever is further north), South of Markham, and west of Schiller south of Second Street. North of Second Street, Summit marks the eastern boundary. Between Park and Summit, the area extends north to include the area between Markham and Riverview.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol View Historic District is contained within Section 4, Township 1 North, and Range 12 West of Little Rock, Arkansas. Its most distinctive features include a river view from a bluff high above the Arkansas River as well as, appropriately, a view of the Arkansas State Capitol from numerous vantage points both north and south of Markham Street, which bisects the district and divides it into two unequal parts. Its varied topography, characterized by substantial variation in elevation enhances the possibilities of scenic overlooks and, no doubt, was a principal attraction for developers in the late nineteenth and first quarter of the twentieth century. The district has remained almost exclusively residential in character throughout its history. A handful of duplexes, three apartment buildings and a pair of grocery stores are the only exceptions among the 501 buildings included in the Capitol View historic district.</p><br>
<p>The architecture of the Capitol View Historic District is, like the entire Capitol View/Stifft&#39;s Station neighborhood, predominately Craftsman, Craftsman Bungalow and Bungalow with modest Tudor or Colonial Revival detailing. Building scale and decorative detailing is generally homogeneous; its limited variation is reflective of a similarly homogeneous residential character as an enclave of modest homes for middle and working-class individuals. Forested pockets of hardwoods and evergreens remain as present-day reminders of the wooded appeal of this area and its welcome change from the increasingly developed “Original City of Little Rock”. Or as an Arkansas Gazette reporter observed in 1915, like Pulaski Heights, this hilly terrain "...owe(d) much of its fame for beauty of landscape to the pines, those majestic green robed sentinels that stood watch over the hill and vale long before the city dwellers came hence to build their bungalows and chicken coops."</p><br>
<p>As of 2004, 269 of the 501 properties included in the district (54%) are contributing historic buildings, 181 (36%) are non-contributing historic buildings (altered or synthetically sided) and 51 (10%) are non-contributing buildings constructed since 1950.</p><br>
<p>The additions or portions of additions included within the Capitol View Historic District, listed chronologically according to the dates they were first platted, are: Worthens Subdivision, Capitol Hill Extension, Plunketts Second Addition, the northwest corner of E.M. Phillips Addition, Ferndale Addition, Capitol View and Union Depot (platted the same year), Virginia Heights, Youngs Park and Bodmans Addition.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol View Historic District provides a glimpse of an almost exclusively residential neighborhood intended for middle and working-class residents. Time has wrought its changes on both the socio-economic and ethnic diversity of the area, though it remains solidly middle-class in many sections. Like other mid-town neighborhoods such as the Central High Historic District to the south, inadequate maintenance, conversion of larger homes to multi-unit rental property, and, consequently, deterioration due to short-term rental residency, as well as the prevalent application of artificial siding have taken their toll. Nonetheless, its handsome housing stock, the absence of commercial intrusion, reasonable real estate prices and an active neighborhood association have invigorated its renewal and encouraged its residents’ allegiance to these neighborhoods both north and south of Markham. Moreover, features which made these properties attractive to buyers in the first quarter of the century retain their draw still as the century draws to its close—proximity to the downtown business district, plentiful shade trees and, for those homeowners along the ridge overlooking the river, a panoramic view of the Arkansas River.</p><br>
<h3>Stifft Station Historic District</h3><br>
<p>Stiffts Station makes up the western part of the Capitol View/Stiffts Station neighborhood. The historic district is rectangular in configuration and is bounded by a historically significant traffic artery, Markham, on the north, Woodrow (formerly May) on its eastern edge, 7th Street along its southern perimeter and Martin forming the western boundary. The neighborhood remains one of mixed use, though primarily residential in character, and includes a commercial band along Markham distinguished by storefronts and freestanding commercial structures. The commercial development along the Northern edge of the district is complemented by additional non-residential development along the Southern boundary. Specifically, the Little Rock School District&#39;s Woodruff Elementary School, designed in 1911 by Theo M. Sanders, sits in the Southeast corner of the district while the Billy Mitchell Boys and Girls Club is its neighbor to the North and Lamar Porter Field (NR 12-06-90) is positioned to its immediate west.</p><br>
<p>One surmises that the name of Stiffts Station was derived from the development of the Stifft Addition and the active participation of the prominent local businessman and civic booster Charles Stifft in the growth of this portion of Little Rocks streetcar suburbs. It appears on the 1929 map of the “Street Railways of Little Rock” at the intersection of Markham and Prospect Avenue (now Kavanaugh), where a trolley stop was located on the Pulaski Heights Line. Additionally, the city directory from that same year records the operation of two neighborhood businesses which included “Stifft Station” in their names — one a grocery store and the other a barber shop—-which underscores the adoption of the name generally. Because the area retains this name and identity, it is the obvious choice for the district&#39;s appellation.</p><br>
<p>There are 295 structures included in the Stifft Station Historic District, 238 are contributing while another 57 are considered non-contributing, principally because of condition rather than date of construction with two already included individually on the National Register of Historic Places. Consequently, the district can boast of an extraordinary 81% of contributing to non-contributing structures. The district sits alongside the southern portion of the Capitol View Historic District, notably sharing a boundary along Woodrow with the Young&#39;s Park and Ferndale Additions.</p><br>
<p>The additions or portions of additions within the Stifft Station Historic District, listed chronologically according to the dates when they were first platted are: C.O. Kimball and Bodemann Addition (1890), Beach Addition (1893), C.H. Taylor Addition (1895), Boones Addition (1896), Stiffts Addition (1898), Feilds Addition (1911), Hicks Subdivision of Block 4 of Boone&#39;s Addition (1912), E.F. Feild Addition (1926). It is also noteworthy that despite its platting in the late nineteenth century, according to city directory listings and Sanborn maps, the first houses were not built on these lots until after 1910.</p><br>
<p>City directories, Sanborn maps, abstract records and other historical sources help to paint a picture of the neighborhood. Within its boundaries, one finds a plentiful offering of largely unaltered working class cottages accompanied by a still robust commercial strip along West Markham as well as a bustling elementary school and the landmark Lamar Porter Field made famous by the local hero Brooks Robinson who grew up playing in its outfield. Even the Billy Mitchell Boys and Girls Club with its playground and open spaces serves as a reminder of fields and woods where the children of Stifft Station Historic District played as their neighborhood grew from a sprinkling of scattered houses in the first years of the twentieth century to the fully realized and largely stable neighborhood it remains today. Stifft Station Historic District is a credit to its humble but handsome housing stock, reasonable real estate prices, minimal intrusive or unsightly infill and, significantly, its residents willingness to acknowledge the importance of an active neighborhood association.</p><br>
<h2>Socioeconomic profile</h2><br>
<p>In 1996, approximately two percent of the City of Little Rocks residents called the Capitol View/Stiffts Station area home. The racial distribution within the neighborhood is similar to that of the city: approximately 34 percent black and just under 65 percent white. However, also like the city, the neighborhood is subdivided geographically into different socio-economic zones. An example of this stratification is that almost 52 percent of the households in the area are classified as low and moderate income; however, the westernmost quarter of the neighborhood is over 61 percent low and moderate income, while 60 percent of the "Johnson - Woodrow area" households are higher income.</p><br>
<p>Over 53 percent of the Capitol View/Stifft&#39;s Station area households were at an income level, in 1990, between $10,000 and $30,000. This compares to 38.1 percent of the households in Little Rock while, at the upper end, only 9.6 percent of households in the area had incomes over $50,000. The citywide percent of households with incomes over $50,000 was 22.2 percent in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The population profile of the neighborhood, in 1996, showed an area more middle-aged than that of Little Rock (residents aged over 65 and less than 18 both represented a lesser percentage than that of the overall city population). In addition, the female population is slightly larger in the area than citywide (54.4 to 53.6 percent). Single parent households also account for a greater percentage of neighborhood households than citywide. All of the increases in single parent households come from female headed households. For the city, 11.4% of households are single parent homes. Family and household sizes are generally smaller in Capitol View/Stifft&#39;s Station than compared with the rest of the city. This is due in part to the high percentage of one person households (41.8 percent compared to 32 percent citywide). The neighborhood is overwhelmingly single family at over 63 percent.</p><br>
<h2>City services</h2><br>
<p>The Central Arkansas Transit Authority provides bus service in and through the neighborhood. One Downtown to West Little Rock route travels Markham Street to Kavanaugh Boulevard providing residents access to both Downtown and the Rodney Parham Road area. Bus routes along 7th Street and Capitol Avenue provide access to the West Markham Street area and the Otter Creek Neighborhood. The bus system is radial, downtown to the outskirts and back, much like the spokes of a wheel. Therefore, to go east, north or south, the rider must first go downtown and transfer. The Capitol View/Stifft&#39;s Station neighborhood has a service level as good as any residential area in metropolitan Little Rock.</p><br>
<p>Capitol View/Stiffts Station has no fire stations, either historic or modern, within its boundaries. One surmises that this areas fire protection needs were served, initially, by either Fire Station #3, which was opened at 3515 12th in 1911, or Fire Station #7, in operation by 1916 at Beechwood and Prospect (now Kavanaugh).</p><br>
<h2>Notable places</h2><br>
<h3>Schools</h3><br>
<p>Woodruff Elementary School</p><br>
<p>Arkansas School for the Blind</p><br>
<p>Arkansas School for the Deaf</p><br>
<h3>Recreation</h3><br>
<p>The Billy Mitchell Boys and Girls Club</p><br>
<p>Lamar Porter Field</p><br>
